ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2025
Redefinition of the toll-like receptor repertoire in
Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immunity, mediating the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains and initiating signaling via intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains. In the ascidian Methods: we systematically reanalyzed the Results: Genomic mapping and sequence comparison demonstrated that TLR13 is identical to CiTLR1, while TLR3, -6, and -7 lack a complete TIR domain, indicating that these are not canonical TLRs. We further identified a novel TLR gene, CiTLRs1, located approximately 42 kb from CiTLR1 on chromosome 14, which encodes all essential structural features including LRR and TIR domains. AlphaFold3 structural predictions confirmed that CiTLR1, CiTLR2, and CiTLRs1 possess canonical solenoid LRR folds and typical TIR domain architectures. In addition, we found no convincing evidence that CiTLR3, CiTLR6, or CiTLR7 function as soluble TLRs. Transcriptomic analyses revealed distinct tissue-specific expression profiles of these genes, suggesting nonredundant immune functions. Conclusions: Our findings revise the repertoire of bona fide TLRs in
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