Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41567795›Full record

ArticleCHEST critical care2025

Exploring Racial Differences in Family Expressions of Emotion and Clinician Empathy in ICU Family Meetings.

Matthew E Modes, Deborah B Ejem, Whitney Welsh, Doreet Preiss, Jessica Sperling, Kathryn I Pollak, Christopher E Cox, Erin K Kross, Teryl K Nuckols, Kimberly S Johnson and 5 more

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15 authors.

Matthew E ModesAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Deborah B EjemAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Whitney WelshAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Doreet PreissAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Jessica SperlingAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Kathryn I PollakAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Christopher E CoxAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Erin K KrossAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Teryl K NuckolsAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Kimberly S JohnsonAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Sungjin KimAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Shannon S CarsonAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Catherine L HoughAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Douglas B WhiteAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Deepshikha C AshanaAFFILIATIONS: From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (M. E. M.), the Division of General Internal Medicine (T. K. N.), the Biostatistics Shared Resource (S. K.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; the School of Nursing (D. B. E.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Social Science Research Institute (W. W., D. P., and J. S.), the Department of Population Health Sciences (K. I. P. and D. C. A.), the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Division of Geriatrics (K. S. J.), Department of Medicine, the Program to Support People and Enhance Recovery (C. E. C. and D. C. A.), the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy (D. C. A.), Duke University; the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (K. I. P.), Duke Cancer Institute; the Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (K. S. J.), Durham Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Durham; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (S. S. C.), Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (E. K. K.), the Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence (E. K. K.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C. L. H.), Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center (D. B. W.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (D. B. W.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.

Funding

UCLA Clinical Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001881 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARLEEN F. BROWN, ARASH NAEIM · 2016 to 2026
$118.1M
Improving decision making for patients with prolonged mechanical ventilationR01HL109823 · NHLBI · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI COX, CHRISTOPHER ETHAN · 2012 to 2016
$3.5M
Mentored Patient Oriented Research in Improving Surrogate Decision Making for Patients with Advanced Respiratory FailureK24HL148314 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI Douglas B White · 2019 to 2026
$944k
Racial disparities in shared decision making for patients with acute respiratory failureK23HL164968 · NHLBI · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI Deepshikha Charan Ashana · 2022 to 2026
$841k
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001881NHLBI NIH HHS K23 HL164968NHLBI NIH HHS K24 HL148314NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL109823
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCritical care guidelines recommend that clinicians provide emotional support to families of critically ill patients during family meetings. Little is known about how family member race impacts how emotions are expressed and supported in meetings. RESEARCH QUESTION: Are there differences in family members' expression of emotion and clinicians' provision of empathy in ICU family meetings involving Black and White family members? STUDY DESIGN AND

methodsWe conducted a directed content analysis of 40 audio-recorded meetings, matching 20 meetings with Black families and 20 meetings with White families on key characteristics including meeting length. Meetings included Black or White family members of patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation and critical care clinicians. We used an established coding scheme to code family expressions of negative emotion and clinician empathic statements. Two analysts, unaware of patient and family race, independently coded all meetings. After coding completion, we unmasked the data, compared code frequencies by family race, and calculated the percent of expressions of negative emotions followed by an empathic response.

resultsFamily members were mostly middle-aged (mean [SD], 50 [10] years) and women (n = 29 [73%]). Physicians leading meetings were mostly young (mean [SD], 38 [7] years), men (n = 27 [68%]), and White (n = 36 [90%]); none were Black. Black families expressed fewer negative emotions than White families (median, 1 [interquartile range, 0-3] vs 4 [interquartile range, 2.5-7.5] expressions of emotions per meeting;

interpretationOur results indicate that racial differences exist in family expression of emotion and potentially in clinician empathic responses in ICU family meetings. Empathic communication warrants improvement, with greater improvement needed with Black families. Future interventions may be needed to enhance clinician provision of equitable emotional support.

Indexed as

African AmericanBlackcritical careemotional supportempathyfamily conferencefamily meetingICUintensive care unitracial differencesracial disparitiesracial equityWhite

Identifiers

PMID41567795
PMCPMC12818917

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