ArticleBMC public health2026
Association between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among male and female mining workers in Chile: a sex-stratified analysis and the mediating role of psychological distress.
Article in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWorkplace discrimination is a recognised social determinant of mental health. However, evidence regarding its impact in highly masculinised and demanding industries, such as mining, remains limited, particularly in Latin America. This study aimed to estimate the association between perceived and observed workplace discrimination and depressive symptoms among mining workers in Chile, and to evaluate the mediating role of psychological distress.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 712 employees from a large-scale mining company, including both principal and subcontracted workers. Data were collected via an online survey between September and December 2024. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and psychological distress was measured with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Logistic regression models, stratified by sex, were used to assess associations. Causal mediation analysis was conducted within a counterfactual framework to decompose the total effect of workplace discrimination into direct and indirect effects through psychological distress.
resultsThe prevalence of perceived workplace discrimination was 13.56%, observed discrimination was 19.29%, and moderate/severe depressive symptoms were present in 8.31% of participants. Perceived workplace discrimination was associated with significantly higher odds of depressive symptoms (adjusted OR = 5.17; 95% CI: 2.70-9.91). Similar associations were found for observed discrimination (adjusted OR = 4.01; 95% CI: 2.20-7.31). Sex-stratified logistic regression analyses indicated that these associations were stronger among men than among women. Causal mediation analysis demonstrated that psychological distress mediated a substantial proportion of the association, accounting for 81.4% of the total effect for perceived discrimination and 65.9% for observed discrimination.
conclusionsWorkplace discrimination is a significant risk factor for depressive symptoms among mining workers, operating largely through increased psychological distress. These findings highlight the need for organisational interventions that address both discriminatory practices and their psychological consequences, particularly in male-dominated industries such as mining.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.