ArticleBMC psychology2026
Mindset over molecule: comparing self-transcendent and mystical experiences across recreational psilocybin, MDMA, and cannabis use.
Article in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundSelf-transcendent and mystical experiences may be key mechanisms underlying psychedelics' therapeutic effects, yet how these experiences differ across substances remains unclear. This study compared mystical and self-transcendent experiences across psilocybin, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and cannabis in a diverse, community-based sample, while accounting for covariates. Additionally, we examined the relative contributions of pharmacological versus psychological factors in shaping self-transcendent and mystical experiences.
methodsAdults aged 18 years and older (N = 397) were recruited with general, non-psychedelic-targeted advertisements on a crowdsourcing platform, and randomized to report on their most intense use experience with either cannabis, psilocybin or MDMA in the past five years. Participants completed measures of self-transcendent and mystical experiences, emotions, and variables previously found to predict mystical experiences (e.g., personality traits, motivations for use, intentions/expectations for the experience). Hierarchical multiple linear regressions examined the effects of substance type (cannabis/psilocybin/MDMA) on outcomes, both alone and while adjusting for contextual (set/setting) variables.
resultsMost of the sample reported recreational reasons for use (83%) and concurrently used other substances (75%). Psilocybin and MDMA corresponded to greater self-transcendent and mystical experiences than cannabis, even after controlling for contextual factors. However, effect sizes were generally small (standardized regression coefficients β = 0.14 - 0.34, ps < 0.05) and attenuated when covariates were included (βs = 0.03 - 0.20). Effects on self-transcendent experiences characterized by 'self-loss' were weaker overall, and nonsignificant when covariates were added (ps > .33). Notably, mindset-particularly surrendering to the experience and having spiritual/prosocial motivations-emerged as the strongest predictors, with models including these variables accounting for up to 58% of variance (compared to ≤ 10% for substance alone).
conclusionsFindings indicate a "mindset-over-molecule" pattern wherein psychological context ("set") is more strongly associated with psychedelic outcomes than substance type alone.
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