Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41565781›Full record

ArticleNature nanotechnology2026

Engineered mucus-tethering bispecific nanobodies enhance mucosal immunity against respiratory pathogens.

Liming Zhao, Kyle L O'Donnell, Megha Dubey, Yuting Wang, Nathan R Martinez, Yunxiao Zhang, Holly M Steininger, Chao Ma, Vamsee Mallajosyula, Lorene L Y Lee and 27 more

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature nanotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

37 authors.

Liming Zhao *Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. zhaolm@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8238-7143
Kyle L O'Donnell *Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
Megha Dubey *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7119-6504
Yuting Wang *Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Nathan R MartinezInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Yunxiao ZhangInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2145-4151
Holly M SteiningerInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Chao MaInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1049-6172
Vamsee MallajosyulaInstitute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0658-3652
Lorene L Y LeeInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Rovin N LachmansinghInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Suzan StavitskyInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Eri TakematsuInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Malachia Y HooverInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Honglin ChenInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-5345
Jing GuoDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Annette WuDepartment of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Yifan MaDepartment of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9371-4365
Xiaotian WangDepartment of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-3330-3975
Ansel P NalinDepartment of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Seong Dong JeongDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-5163-3924
Wan-Jin LuInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2186-9800
Patricia K NguyenStanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Chad S ClancyRocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5354-9270
Michal C TalDepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2550-6246
Jun XiaoDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Michael T LongakerInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1430-8914
Andrew S LeeSchool of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9169-1481
Betty Y S KimDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-8355
Thomas H AmbrosiDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7149-041X
Irving L WeissmanInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9077-7467
Mark M DavisDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6868-657X
Kim J HasenkrugLaboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
Yueh-Hsiu ChienDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. chien@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6014-1230
Wen JiangDepartment of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. wjiang4@mdanderson.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9154-633X
Andrea MarziLaboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA. marzia@niaid.nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-9587
Charles K F ChanInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

Funding

Acquisition of A Microfluidic Chip-Based System for Cluster Sorting and DispensingS10OD028493 · OD · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI CHAN, CHARLES KF · 2021 to 2021
$469k
American Heart Association (American Heart Association, Inc.) 24POST1188725NIH HHS S10 OD028493U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) AI001254U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) S10OD028493
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite advances in vaccine and antiviral drug development, the prevention of respiratory viral infection and transmission remains a substantial challenge worldwide. One obvious limitation of these approaches is that they do not provide robust protection at the initial site of infection, which is the respiratory mucosa. Currently, strategies to enhance mucosal immunity against respiratory pathogens remain lacking. Here we engineered mucus-tethering bispecific nanobodies designed to provide the simultaneous neutralization of viruses by binding to their surface proteins and the entrapment of viruses within the mucus by securing them to mucin. Compared with conventional non-mucus-tethering nanobodies, these mucus-tethering bispecific nanobodies demonstrated increased retention in the respiratory tract, provided enhanced protection against influenza viral infection in mice and reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission in hamsters. Together, our findings represent a promising strategy for enhancing mucosal defences against respiratory viruses by blocking viral entry and limiting onward transmission.

Indexed as

Antibodies, BispecificCOVID-19Immunity, MucosalMucusSingle-Domain AntibodiesAnimalsAntibodies, ViralCricetinaeFemaleHumansMiceOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsProtein EngineeringRespiratory MucosaSARS-CoV-2Antibodies, BispecificAntibodies, ViralSingle-Domain Antibodies

Identifiers

PMID41565781

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.