Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41565716›Full record

ArticleSchizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany)2026

Substantia nigra pars reticulata involvement in auditory hallucinations of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a deep brain stimulation case report.

Anruo Shen, Yousef Salimpour, Ankur Butala, Min Jae Kim, Ki Sueng Choi, Michael Bray, Frederick Nucifora, David Schretlen, Philip Harvey, William S Anderson and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Anruo ShenDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Yousef SalimpourDepartment of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Ankur ButalaDepartment of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5994-4653
Min Jae KimDepartment of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Ki Sueng ChoiDepartment of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6446-0677
Michael BrayDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4650-1313
Frederick NuciforaDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-1054-0342
David SchretlenDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3992-5601
Philip HarveyDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9501-9366
William S AndersonDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0958-050X
Martijn FigeeDepartment of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3679-284X
Kelly A MillsDepartment of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Akira SawaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1401-3008
Nicola G CascellaDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. ncascel1@jhu.edu.

Funding

Project 3P50MH136297 · NIMH · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Akira Sawa · 2024 to 2026
$12.8M
Deep Brain Stimulation for Chronic Auditory Hallucinations in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: an early-stage clinical trialU01MH130625 · NIMH · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI CASCELLA, NICOLA G · 2023 to 2025
$2.3M
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) P50MH136297U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) U01MH130625
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

One-third of schizophrenia patients exhibit treatment resistance, underscoring the need for mechanism-based interventions. We report that deep brain stimulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata has acutely alleviated persistent auditory hallucinations by 64% in a treatment-resistant schizophrenia patient. Deep brain stimulation normalized hallucination-correlated elevation of intraoperative electrocortical theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling at language-related cortical areas. These findings suggest aberrant cortical synchronization may be involved in the generation of verbal hallucinations and highlight subcortical modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy.

Identifiers

PMID41565716
PMCPMC12923775

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.