ArticleAsia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition2026
Vitamin B12 and D status in long-term vegetarians: Impact of diet duration and subtypes in Beijing, China.
Article in Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesThis study aimed to evaluate vitamin B12 and D levels among long-term vegetarians and to assess the influence of their diet duration and diet subtypes on nutritional status in Beijing, China. METHODS AND STUDY
designA cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 104 vegetarians (84 vegans, 20 lacto-ovo vegetarians). Serum vitamin B12 and D levels were measured, and demographic, dietary, and supplement use data were collected. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis tests, chi-square tests, and multivariate regressions.
resultsThe prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (<200 pg/mL) was 38.5%, with higher rates in vegans (44.1%) than lacto-ovo vegetarians (15.0%, p = 0.021). Vitamin D defi-ciency (<20 ng/mL) affected 84.6% of participants, worsening with longer diet duration (p <0.001), yet showed no significant difference between vegan and lacto-ovo subtypes (85.7% vs 80.0%, p = 0.524). Multivariate analysis revealed negative correlations between diet duration (6-10 years and >10 years) and vita-min B12 and D levels (p <0.05). Lacto-ovo vegetarians showed significantly higher vitamin B12 levels than vegans (p = 0.029), and supplement use improved both vitamins' status (p <0.05).
conclusionsThis study reveals a dual challenge among Beijing long-term vegetarians: vitamin B12 deficiency was strongly associated with the degree of exclusion of animal products from the diet (veganism), while vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent and worsened with longer diet duration. The near-universal vitamin D deficiency observed in this study suggests that, in the Beijing context, the risk may extend beyond dietary choice, potentially reflecting regional environmental factors; however, this requires confirmation through comparative studies with omnivores controls.
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