Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41565007›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of pediatrics2026

Intrauterine SARS-CoV-2 Exposure and Infant Neurodevelopment through 18 Months of Age: Findings from the Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Pregnancy Study.

Valerie J Flaherman, Harrison T Reeder, Susanne P Martin-Herz, Richard Gallagher, Alison K Cohen, Heather-Elizabeth Brown, Rebecca G Clifton, Nicole Fischbein, Andrea S Foulkes, Vanessa L Jacoby and 34 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

44 authors.

Valerie J FlahermanDivision of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA. Electronic address: valerie.flaherman@ucsf.edu.
Harrison T ReederDepartment of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Susanne P Martin-HerzDivision of Developmental Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
Richard GallagherDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY.
Alison K CohenDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Patient-Led Research Collaborative, Washington, DC; RECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, NY.
Heather-Elizabeth BrownRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, NY.
Rebecca G CliftonBiostatistics Center, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC.
Nicole FischbeinDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
Andrea S FoulkesDepartment of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
Vanessa L JacobyDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
Nita JainRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, NY; Timeless Biosciences, Atlanta, GA.
Carmen J BeamonDepartment of Maternal Fetal Medicine, WakeMed Health and Hospitals, Raleigh, NC.
Mert Ozan BahtiyarDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
Ann ChangDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
Maged M CostantineDivision of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Angelique Cruz IrvingDepartment of Population Health, Clinical Science Core for RECOVER, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY.
Kelly S GibsonDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH.
M Camille HoffmanDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
Matthew K HoffmanDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ChristianaCare, Wilmington, DE.
Brenna L HughesDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham, NC.
Stuart D KatzDepartment of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY.
Victoria LaleauDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
Hector Mendez-FigueroaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX.
Jonathan MonteiroDepartment of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
Megumi J OkumuraUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
Luis D PachecoDivision of Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas at Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.
Kristy T S PalomaresDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ.
Samuel ParryDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
Beth A PlunkettDivision of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL.
Uma M ReddyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY.
Dwight J RouseDivision of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brown University, Providence, RI.
George R SaadeDivision of Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas at Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.
Grecio J SandovalBiostatistics Center, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC.
Hyagriv N SimhanDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Daniel W SkupskiDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Presbyterian Queens, New York, NY.
Amber SowlesDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT.
John M ThorpDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
Alan T N TitaDivision of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Center for Research in Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
Steven J WeinerBiostatistics Center, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC.
Samantha WiegandDivision of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, OH.
Lynn M YeeDivision of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
Rachel S GrossDivision of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY.
Torri D MetzDivision of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT.
RECOVER-Pregnancy Consortium

Funding

ACTIV Integration of Host-targeting Therapies for COVID-19 Administrative Coordinating CenterOT2HL156812 · NHLBI · RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE · PI NOLEN, TRACY L, THOMAS, SONIA M · 2020 to 2024
$1270.7M
OTA-21-015A Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Initiative: NYU Langone Health Clinical Science Core, Data Resource Core, and PASC Biorepository CoreOT2HL161847 · NHLBI · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI GROSS, RACHEL SHARON, HORWITZ, LEORA · 2021 to 2025
$651.0M
Interactive Data Portals and Robust Analytic Tools to Wrap PASC Cohorts (iDRAW) OTA-21-015AOT2HL161841 · NHLBI · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI FOULKES, ANDREA S, KARLSON, ELIZABETH W · 2021 to 2024
$182.2M
NHLBI NIH HHS OT2 HL156812NHLBI NIH HHS OT2 HL161841NHLBI NIH HHS OT2 HL161847
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo assess associations between exposure to intrauterine SARS-CoV-2 and subsequent child neurodevelopment in a large, diverse cohort with confirmation of maternal SARS-CoV-2 status. STUDY

designThe Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Pregnancy Cohort enrolled adults with and without SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy and their offspring born January 2020 through December 2023 at 23 sites across the US. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 12 months with the Ages & Stages Questionnaire, 3rd edition (ASQ-3) and at 18 months with the ASQ Social-Emotional (ASQ-SE) and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised (M-CHAT-R). We compared exposed and unexposed infants' ASQ-3 total and subdomain scores, ASQ-SE and M-CHAT-R scores, and proportions meeting published referral thresholds, using multivariable linear and logistic regression.

resultsAmong 1179 participants enrolled, 1008 (85.5%) had exposure, with 806 (80.0%) exposed during Omicron predominance. Of those with known timing, 349 (41.4%) and 295 (35.0%) were exposed in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. Exposure was not associated with differences in the ASQ-3 (adjusted difference -0.61, 95% CI -10.03 to 8.81) or ASQ-3 subdomains at 12 months, ASQ-SE at 18 months (adjusted difference 0.19, 95% CI -4.02 to 4.41), or M-CHAT-R scores. Findings were similar for proportions meeting referral thresholds and when stratified by variant or by trimester.

conclusionsIn this multicenter cohort largely exposed since Omicron and in second or third trimester, intrauterine SARS-CoV-2 exposure was not associated with neurodevelopmental screening outcomes through 18 months of age. Further assessments of the impact of intrauterine SARS-CoV-2 on neurodevelopment beyond 18 months of age are needed.

Indexed as

Child DevelopmentCOVID-19Neurodevelopmental DisordersPregnancy Complications, InfectiousPrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsAdultCohort StudiesFemaleHumansInfantMaleNeurodevelopmentPregnancySARS-CoV-2United StatesCOVID-19infectious diseaseintrauterine exposureneurodevelopmentSARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID41565007
PMCPMC12962406

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.