Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41563487›Full record

ReviewArchives of microbiology2026

Synergistic effects of biochar and PGPR in enhancing the efficacy of biological control agents against Ganoderma boninense in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis L.): a critical review.

Qudrat Ullah, Muhammad Zeshan, Waqas Haider, Muhammad Waqar, Zaki Ul Zaman Asam, Muhammad Zubair, Mujahid Farid

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Archives of microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Qudrat UllahFood Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of agricultural technology and food industry, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
Muhammad ZeshanFood Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of agricultural technology and food industry, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
Waqas HaiderFood Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of agricultural technology and food industry, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
Muhammad WaqarFood Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of agricultural technology and food industry, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
Zaki Ul Zaman AsamDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan.
Muhammad ZubairDepartment of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan.
Mujahid FaridDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan. mujahid726@yahoo.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This critical review evaluates the synergistic potential of biochar, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and biological control agents (BCAs) for sustainable management of basal stem rot (BSR). Ganoderma boninense causes basal stem rot (BSR), a significant issue affecting oil palm (Elaeis guineensis L.) productivity, resulting in a 50-80% yield loss on approximately 400,000 hectares of oil palm in Southeast Asia. Chemical fungicides have drawbacks, including environmental degradation and pathogen resistance, which necessitate the development of sustainable alternatives. This review combines the information on the current literature on the use of biochar, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and biological control agents (BCAs) as a synergistic and environmentally friendly approach to the suppression of BSR. Biochar increases the soil structure, soil nutrient retention, and microbial habitats, whereas the PGPR increases the nutrient availability and systemic resistance. Biological control agents such as Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus spp., and Pseudomonas fluorescens suppress Ganoderma boninense through mycoparasitism, antibiotic production, siderophore secretion, and induced systemic resistance. Integrated use of the triad has been reported to reduce BSR incidence by 40-70% and increase fresh fruit bunch yield by 15-35% in nursery and field trials. Nonetheless, there are still problems with dosage, compatibility, and scalability. Further improvements in efficacy are expected through optimization of biochar feedstock, selection and genetic enhancement of microbial strains, and precise timing and method of application, and site-specific formulations tailored to local soil and climate conditions.

Indexed as

ArecaceaeBiological Control AgentsCharcoalGanodermaPlant DiseasesBacillusPseudomonas fluorescensSoil MicrobiologybiocharBiological Control AgentsCharcoalBiocharBiological control agentsGanoderma boninenseIntegrated disease managementOil palmPGPR

Identifiers

PMID41563487

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.