Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41563480›Full record

ArticleExperimental brain research2026

Using a self-modulated treadmill as a novel approach to study cognitive-motor and biomechanical outcomes during dual-task walking in individuals with and without lower limb loss.

Emma P Shaw, Sarah R Bass, Jonathan R Gladish, Kyle Pietro, Alexandra A Shaver, Christopher Gaskins, Steven Kahl, Christopher L Dearth, Matthew W Miller, Alison Pruziner and 3 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Experimental brain research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Emma P Shaw *Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
Sarah R Bass *Department of Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Jonathan R GladishDepartment of Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Kyle PietroCognitive Motor Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, Bldg #255, Room #2140, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
Alexandra A ShaverCognitive Motor Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, Bldg #255, Room #2140, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
Christopher GaskinsNeuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
Steven KahlCognitive Motor Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, Bldg #255, Room #2140, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
Christopher L DearthExtremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, VA, USA.
Matthew W MillerSchool of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
Alison PruzinerDepartment of Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Bradley D HatfieldNeuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
Brad D HendershotDepartment of Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Rodolphe J GentiliNeuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. rodolphe@umd.edu.

Funding

Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research, of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences HU0001-11-1-0004 ; HU0001-15-2-0003
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Combined examination of mental workload and biomechanics during dual-task walking in individuals with lower-limb loss is limited to fixed, but not self-modulated walking pace, for which the latter enables dynamic cognitive-motor behavior as typically engaged during community ambulation. By assessing electroencephalography (EEG) (theta, low/high-alpha power) and biomechanics (gait speed, double limb support, stride width), the cerebral cortical activity underlying mental workload and walking mechanics were examined when individuals with and without lower-limb loss executed a cognitive task (assessed via response time and accuracy) under variable demand (seated and walking). Both populations maintained walking mechanics (unchanged gait speed, double limb support, stride width) during dual-task walking across demand and exhibited similarly elevated neurocognitive engagement (e.g., attention, action monitoring) indicated by similar theta power increase and low/high-alpha power decrease when facing greater demand. However, injured individuals exhibited relative performance decrement (degraded response time/accuracy), which suggests attenuated cognitive-motor efficiency relative to uninjured (i.e., similar cortical activity across groups with degraded performance). Moreover, while uninjured individuals during dual-task walking could robustly engage neurocognitive processes to maintain walking mechanics and successfully attend to the concurrent cognitive task, those with lower-limb loss did not exhibit such a robust recruitment (i.e., unchanged frontal/temporal high-alpha power). Such alterations in individuals with lower-limb loss leads to maintenance of walking at the cost of a concurrent task. The present work informs rehabilitation practice and reveals specific cognitive-motor outcomes for individuals with lower-limb loss in an enhanced ecological context.

Indexed as

CognitionExercise TestLower ExtremityPsychomotor PerformanceWalkingAdultBiomechanical PhenomenaDual-Task TestsElectroencephalographyFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedYoung AdultBiomechanicsDual-task walkingElectroencephalographyLower limb lossMental workloadSelf-paced walking

Identifiers

PMID41563480
PMCPMC12823759

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.