Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41562263›Full record

ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2026

Radical-Mediated, Substrate-Independent Fabrication of Hybrid Solid-Hydrogel Materials With Tunable Crosslinking: An Initiator- and Crosslinker-Free Approach.

Ghazal Shineh, Azin Khodaei, Pardis Keikhosravani, Masoud Zhianmanesh, Yiyun Xia, Aaron Gilmour, Sina Naficy, Andrea Guzina, Daniella Bianchi, Khoon S Lim and 5 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Ghazal ShinehSchool of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
Azin KhodaeiDepartment of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands.
Pardis KeikhosravaniDepartment of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands.
Masoud ZhianmaneshSchool of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
Yiyun XiaSchool of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.
Aaron GilmourSchool of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
Sina NaficySchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales, 2008, Australia.
Andrea GuzinaSchool of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
Daniella BianchiSchool of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
Khoon S LimCharles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
Fariba DehghaniSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales, 2008, Australia.
Saber Amin YavariDepartment of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands.
Marcela BilekSchool of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
Giselle C YeoCharles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
Behnam AkhavanSchool of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1599-658X

Funding

Australian Research Council DE210100662Australian Research Council FL190100216International Team for Implantology (ITI) Foundation 1796-2023PRosPERoS-II project, Interreg VA Flanders-The Netherlands program, CCI 2021TC16RFCB041
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Achieving robust, cytocompatible bonding of hydrogels to solid substrates remains a long-lasting challenge in the development of hybrid solid-hydrogel (HSH) systems for biomedical applications. Current strategies for hydrogel-solid bonding suffer from the complexity of processes, toxicity from residual crosslinkers, and substrate dependency; issues that hinder clinical adoption of HSH structures (HSHs). Overcoming these impediments, a dry, reagent-free strategy is presented to create radical-rich interlayers that enable initiator- and crosslinker-free covalent attachment of hydrogels for the fabrication of robust HSHs. Evidence is provided in which long-lived radicals embedded in ion-assisted plasma polymerized coatings simultaneously drive hydrogel anchoring and in situ crosslinking on diverse non-polymeric substrates, including titanium, stainless steel, and glass. GelMA, chitosan, and PVA-Tyr hydrogels are immobilized with high stability, with coatings remaining intact after two months in aqueous media. Tuning the substrate bias voltage modulates radical concentration, enabling precise control over hydrogel thickness and crosslinking density with no need for extra reagents and/or crosslinkers. Cytocompatibility is confirmed with human mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages, with negligible inflammatory activation detected under the tested conditions. To showcase one application among many, fibroblasts on GelMA-based HSHs exhibited enhanced early attachment, spreading, and proliferation, supporting their application in promoting soft tissue integration. This substrate-independent, additive- and initiator-free strategy embodies high-quality-by-design principles, enabling a universal and scalable platform for the fabrication of HSH systems, particularly suited for applications requiring seamless integration between soft and hard materials, such as biomedical coatings, tissue-interfacing constructs, and next-generation soft robotics.

Indexed as

Biocompatible MaterialsCross-Linking ReagentsHydrogelsAnimalsHumansMesenchymal Stem CellsBiocompatible MaterialsCross-Linking ReagentsHydrogelscovalent bondinghydrogel–solid hybridsplasma polymerizationradical‐mediated crosslinkingsoft tissue integration

Identifiers

PMID41562263
PMCPMC13170253

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.