Observational studyJournal of diabetes research2026
Association of Serum Vitamin D With Macular Microvascular Structure in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Without Diabetic Retinopathy: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Observational study in Journal of diabetes research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Association of Serum Vitamin D With Macular Microvascular Structure in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Without Diabetic Retinopathy: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated the association of different serum vitamin D levels on macular microvascular structure in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without diabetic retinopathy (DR), utilizing optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was designed that includes 83 patients (83 eyes) with T2DM but without DR. Three groups were defined based on vitamin D levels, including vitamin D deficiency (serum vitamin D < 20 ng/mL), vitamin D insufficiency (20 ng/mL ≤ serum vitamin D < 30 ng/mL), and normal vitamin D (≥ 30 ng/mL) groups. All patients underwent OCTA with a 6 × 6-mm scan centered on the fovea. Assessment was conducted on the perfusion density (PD) of the retinal full layer (FL) and the superficial capillary plexus (SCP). In addition, evaluation of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) included its area, perimeter, and acircularity index (AI). Results: The PD of the SCP was significantly lower in the vitamin D deficiency group, especially in the temporal regions (42.04 ± 3.8 vs. 44.94 ± 4.5 vs. 47.24 ± 3.9, Conclusions: Changes in PD were found to be particularly sensitive to changes in the temporal-perifoveal region in individuals with vitamin D deficiency. Thus, vitamin D deficiency may be associated with DR.
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