ReviewFrontiers in toxicology2025
Effects of atrazine on the HPG and HPA axes and steroidogenic pathways in females: relevance to reproductive function and breast, ovarian and uterine cancer.
Review in Frontiers in toxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pesticide Exposure and Gynecological Cancers: A Review of Epidemiological Evidence and Mechanistic Pathways.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review of the effect of atrazine on the HPG axes and steroidogenic pathways in males: relevance for testicular and prostate cancer.Frontiers in toxicology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We reviewed the mode of action (MOA) underlying the effect of the chlorotriazines on female reproduction and mammary tumor development in rats. Age-associated changes in the HPO hormonal environment of the female drive the development of mammary gland tumors in several rat strains. The adverse outcome pathway for tumor development involves a disruption of the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) caused by changes in the hypothalamic control of LH release. The ensuing persistence of unruptured ovarian follicles produces elevated blood estradiol (E2) and prolactin, both known to induce mammary gland tumors. High doses of atrazine induce premature reproductive aging and elevated E2, which is commonly found later in aging female rats. The change in HPO in aging rodents is distinctly different from that seen in aging women. In humans, reproductive aging (menopause) is driven by the loss of ovarian follicles and ensuing low serum E2. Alternate MoAs were examined, including the effect of atrazine on estrogen synthesis, atrazine's potential to bind to estrogen receptors, Erα, Erβ, or G-protein coupled, estrogen receptors (GPER)
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Registered trials
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