Observational studyMedicine2026
Application of the 3S2E management model in standardized sputum specimen collection among patients without artificial airways.
Observational study in Medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
This study aims to explore the application effects of the "3S2E" management model in standardized sputum specimen collection among patients without artificial airways, providing evidence for improving specimen quality and optimizing nursing workflows. A retrospective study was conducted on 100 hospitalized patients requiring sputum specimen collection from February 2024 to January 2025 in a hospital. Based on previous nursing models, patients were divided into a control group (routine nursing, n = 50) and a study group (3S2E management model, n = 50). The 2 groups were compared in terms of sputum specimen qualification rate, contamination rate, laboratory availability rate, and timeliness of submission. Patient cooperation, compliance, discomfort, satisfaction, and healthcare staff job satisfaction were assessed through questionnaires and nursing records. Typical cases were analyzed qualitatively. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups (P > .05), ensuring comparability. The study group showed a significantly higher specimen qualification rate than the control group (90.0% vs 70.0%, P = .025), lower contamination rate (6.0% vs 20.0%, P = .043), higher laboratory availability rate (92.0% vs 72.0%, P = .010), and shorter submission time (1.2 ± 0.5 vs 1.8 ± 0.7 hours, P < .001). Patient cooperation and compliance were significantly improved in the study group (P < .05), while discomfort scores were significantly reduced (P < .001). In terms of satisfaction, patient satisfaction was higher in the study group than in the control group (90.0% vs 68.0%, P = .008), and healthcare staff job satisfaction was also markedly improved (8.3 ± 1.2 vs 7.1 ± 1.3, P < .001). There was no statistically significant difference in adverse event incidence between the groups (P = .14). Typical case analysis further indicated that the 3S2E model enhanced collection efficiency, reduced patient anxiety, and improved compliance. The 3S2E management model can effectively improve the standardization and qualification rate of sputum specimen collection in patients without artificial airways, reduce contamination, enhance patient experience and nursing satisfaction, and improve healthcare staff efficiency, showing strong value for clinical promotion and application.
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