ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
Determinants of Leishmania infection in refugee camps in Gambella and Benishangul Gumuz regional states of Ethiopia: a matched case-control study.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease affecting vulnerable refugee populations, including refugees residing in camps in Ethiopia’s Gambella and Benishangul Gumuz regions. With refugees from VL-endemic areas, identifying key environmental, behavioral, and demographic risk factors is essential for effective prevention. This study addresses knowledge gaps on Leishmania infection determinants, supporting targeted interventions to enhance disease control and inform public health efforts in crisis-affected regions.
methodsA matched case-control study was conducted from May-August 2023 included 336 participants from four refugee camps (Kule, Terkidi, Tsore, and Sherkole) in Ethiopia. Data on socio-demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires. Blood samples were tested for Leishmania detection using the direct agglutination test and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Chi-square tests and multivariable conditional logistic regression assessed associations between independent variables and Leishmania infection.
resultsA total of 336 participants, 252 controls and 84 cases, were enrolled from all selected refugee camps. The distribution of matching variables among cases and controls by age group, sex, and region of camp location showed that they were similarly distributed (p > 0.05). Significant risk factors included residing in the camp for less than five years (AOR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.06–2.93, P = 0.028), sleeping outside during the daytime (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.46–3.89, P < 0.001) or nighttime (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.07–2.64, P = 0.025), and the presence of bushes around the house (AOR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.12–2.77, P = 0.014). Other analyzed factors, including educational level, seasonal sleeping habits, and proximity to termite hills, were not statistically significant.
conclusionThe study identifies key behavioral and environmental risk factors for Leishmania infection among refugees, emphasizing targeted vector control and community education. Urgent interventions are needed to reduce transmission, protect vulnerable populations, and improve health outcomes in refugee camps and local villages in Gambella and Benishangul Gumuz regions of Ethiopia. CLINICAL TRIAL: Not applicable.
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