Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41559078›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Bionic Janus hydrogel drives infected Achilles tendon regeneration via mechano-immune spatiotemporal steering.

Jie Li, Zishuo Wang, Wenjing Yang, Yuchen Zhang, Yanjun Wang, Xuhui Wang, Hongrui Wang, Yang Xie, Shuogui Xu, Yan Shang and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Jie Li *Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
Zishuo Wang *School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, P. R. China.
Wenjing Yang *School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, P. R. China.
Yuchen ZhangDepartment of General Practice Residency Training Base, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
Yanjun WangDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
Xuhui WangDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
Hongrui WangDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
Yang XieDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
Shuogui XuDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
Yan ShangDepartment of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
Chunyu XueDepartment of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China. xcyfun@sina.com.
Yuntong ZhangSchool of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, P. R. China. Yuntong_zhang@smmu.edu.cn.
Shuo FangDepartment of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China. fangshuo826@126.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The healing of infected tendons is hindered by mechanical dysfunction, tissue adhesion, bacterial colonization, and immune imbalance. Inspired by the biphasic "adhesion-lubrication" structure of tendon sheaths, we developed a Janus hydrogel, named HAPP@H-EXO, for spatiotemporal repair. The material exhibits antifatigue properties and redistributes mechanical stress through a dynamic network formed by norbornylated PVA and boronic acid-modified hyaluronic acid-PVA. Its high-adhesion side integrates tissue via borate and hydrogen bonds, whereas the lotus leaf-induced low-adhesion side prevents postsurgical adhesion. The incorporation of oligo-polyethyleneimine and phenylboronic acid groups traps and kills bacteria, overcoming resistance. The pH-responsive release of hypoxic tendon stem cell exosomes reprogrammes macrophages via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, reducing inflammation and promoting regeneration. In an infected Achilles tendon model, HAPP@H-EXO eliminated MRSA, suppressed early inflammation, and enhanced regeneration. Within 8 weeks, it significantly improved biomechanical strength, prevented adhesion, and restored motor function, establishing a mechanoimmunotherapeutic strategy for infected tissue regeneration.

Indexed as

Achilles TendonHydrogelsRegenerationAnimalsAnti-Bacterial AgentsHumansMacrophagesMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureusMiceNF-kappa BStaphylococcal InfectionsStress, MechanicalWound HealingAnti-Bacterial AgentsHydrogelsNF-kappa B

Identifiers

PMID41559078
PMCPMC12916914

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.