ArticleJMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies2026
Linguistic Validation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Shoulder Telehealth Assessment Tool for Filipino Patients with Musculoskeletal Shoulder Condition: Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in JMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Telerehabilitation has been widely adopted to meet the growing rehabilitation demand, but it is often limited by unstable internet connection, poor audiovisual resolution, and difficult virtual assessment. The Shoulder Telehealth Assessment Tool (STAT), a comprehensive, patient-led, preconsultation shoulder physical examination pictorial guide, was developed to address these limitations by easing the communication of instruction during the consultation and potentially removing the need for video calls. Objective: This study aimed to develop a linguistically valid and culturally appropriate Filipino version of STAT and to evaluate its content validity, internal consistency, understandability, and ease of use. Methods: A cross-sectional study on the Filipino STAT was conducted in three phases: (1) linguistic validation by experts, (2) cross-cultural adaptation through pretesting of 12 participants diagnosed with a musculoskeletal shoulder condition at the Philippine General Hospital, and (3) pilot study on 47 participants of the same population. Results: The Filipino STAT had an excellent content validity (scale validity index=0.80-0.97), excellent interrater reliability (κ coefficient=0.82-1.00), and good internal consistency (Cronbach α=0.87). Understandability was found to be excellent for pain and activity (98%), good for range of motion and special tests (85%), and poor for strength (37%). However, 24% (11/46) of participants perceived the tool difficult to understand with the use of some Tagalog words as the primary barrier, followed by non-familiarity with the tool and difficulty reading the text. Conclusions: Development of the Filipino STAT through a rigorous linguistic validation and cultural adaptation has produced a culturally appropriate, valid, and reliable tool. Pain and activity, range of motions, and special test subdomains are suitable for clinical assessment, while strength subdomain needs further improvement in understandability.
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