ArticleJournal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR2026
Beyond Toddlerhood: Rates of Impairment, Strengths, and Challenges in the Communication Outcomes of Former Late Talkers.
Article in Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeIn this follow-up study, we examined outcomes of children previously identified as late talkers in toddlerhood. Our goals included determining the prevalence of language/literacy disorders in our sample and describing children's outcomes related to oral language, literacy, cognition, and speech.
methodWe administered a battery of behavioral measures to 40 English-speaking children ages 3-10 years. We used psychometrically sound tests to identify language/literacy disorders and then compared children with a disorder to those without on our other measures.
resultsOf the children we could test with confidence, 19 of 36 (52.8%) presented with a language/literacy disorder based on the Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test-Preschool, Second Edition or the Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills Identification Core Score. When we included children with substantially delayed or disordered speech, the total number of children with speech difficulties or a language/literacy impairment was 22 of 39 (56.4%). Bayesian independent-samples
conclusionUsing sound diagnostic tests, rates of language/literacy disorders in our sample of former late talkers were higher than past findings in the literature, highlighting the seriousness of late talking as a red flag for future difficulties in advanced oral language and literacy skills. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.31041715.
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