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ArticleMolecular biology reports2026

Interplay between NOD1 polymorphisms and gene expression in the pathogenesis of gallstone disease.

Sanjana Murali, Shanthi Vijayaraghavan, Rajesh Kumar Shanmugam, Nandini Krishnamurthy, R B Devi Krishna, Pradeep Narahari Ram, Jashwanth Balu, Andrea Mary Francis

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Article in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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8 authors.

Sanjana MuraliDepartment of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Shanthi VijayaraghavanDepartment of Hepatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Rajesh Kumar ShanmugamDepartment of Nanobiomedicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Nandini KrishnamurthyDepartment of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
R B Devi KrishnaDepartment of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Pradeep Narahari RamDepartment of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Jashwanth BaluDepartment of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Andrea Mary FrancisDepartment of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. andreamary@sriramachandra.edu.in.

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6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGallstone disease (GSD) is a multifactorial disorder with both genetic and inflammatory influences. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 1 (NOD1) has an important role in innate immunity and in regulation of gut microbiota and its genetic relationship to GSD is unknown.

aimTo explore the association of NOD1 gene polymorphism (rs5743336 and rs6958571) and gene expression with gallstone disease.

methodsA case-control study was carried out with ultrasound diagnosed gallstone patient and age and sex matched controls. Genotyping of rs5743336 and rs6958571 was done by PCR-RFLP. NOD1 mRNA expression was measured by qRT-PCR. Statistical analysis comprised comparisons of genotype and allele frequencies and logistic regression under various genetic models was performed.

resultsThe rs5743336 (GG) genotype was significantly less common in cases than in controls, suggesting a protective effect against GSD (p < 0.05). No significant association was found for rs6958571. In addition, NOD1 expression levels were significantly lower in GSD cases than controls (fold change = 0.415443; p-value = 0.038407) and impaired microbial sensitivity may contribute to gallstone pathogenesis.

conclusionThis is the first study to find an association between NOD1 genetic variation and gallstone disease. The GG genotype of rs5743336 is protective, and decreased NOD1 expression could be a factor in the development of disease.

Indexed as

GallstonesNod1 Signaling Adaptor ProteinAdultAllelesCase-Control StudiesFemaleGene FrequencyGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenotypeHumansMaleMiddle AgedPolymorphism, Single NucleotideNOD1 protein, humanNod1 Signaling Adaptor ProteinGall stone diseaseInflammationInnate immunityNOD1

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