ArticleBMC public health2026
Rubella outbreak investigation in Adigrat town of Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, 2024: case-control study design.
Article in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundRubella virus infection is a clinically mild illness, but it can have serious effects on pregnant women, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital rubella syndrome. However, rubella is neither a notifiable disease nor part of an immunization program in Ethiopia. A suspected case of rubella has been reported in Adigrat since November 26, 2023. The study aimed to investigate and control the suspected rubella outbreak.
methodsFollowing the descriptive study, a case-control study was conducted in Adigrat town from December 23, 2023, to March 30, 2024. Cases were people who presented with fever and maculopapular or laboratory-confirmed cases or epidemiologically linked with the confirmed person, and controls were neighbours to a case with no signs and symptoms of rubella. Cases were selected using simple random sampling, and controls were the two closest neighbours per case. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and analysed with SPSS version 27. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of illness with risk factors, and the results were tested using OR, a 95% confidence interval.
resultA total of 350 cases of rubella were identified with an attack rate of 3.16/1000. The attack rate was high in children aged five to nine years (11/1000) and in kebelle 04 (8/1000). Five out of seven samples were tested positive for rubella-specific IgM antibodies. Having contact in a school setting (AOR = 7.063: 95% CI = 3.269-15.256), having household contact (AOR = 6.551:95%CI = 2.534-16.941) and ≥ 5 family size (AOR = 2.312:95%CI = 1.090-4.907) were significantly associated with rubella.
conclusionThe overall attack rate of the rubella outbreak was high, with a predominance of children under fifteen. Large family size, and having contact with infected individuals, were contributing factors for contracting rubella. Rubella vaccine should be considered to prevent similar outbreaks.
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