Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41555221›Full record

SynthesisJournal of neurodevelopmental disorders2026

Transcranial direct current stimulation on social communication among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Maryam Alabbad, Shibili Nuhmani, Raafat Ahmed, Shahid Bashir, Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Turki Abualait

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Maryam AlabbadCollege of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O.Box 2435, Dammam, 31451, Saudi Arabia.
Shibili NuhmaniCollege of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O.Box 2435, Dammam, 31451, Saudi Arabia.
Raafat AhmedCollege of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O.Box 2435, Dammam, 31451, Saudi Arabia.
Shahid BashirNeuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Muhammad Ajmal KhanDeanship of Library Affairs, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Turki AbualaitCollege of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O.Box 2435, Dammam, 31451, Saudi Arabia. tsabualait@iau.edu.sa.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has gained attention as a potential intervention to improve social cognition in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, its effects across social domains and the influence of stimulation parameters remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate the effectiveness of tDCS in enhancing social functioning in children with ASD, focusing on emotion recognition, theory of mind (ToM), and social responsiveness.

methodsA comprehensive search identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating tDCS effects on social cognition in children with ASD. Studies were assessed for effect sizes and statistical significance. A meta-analysis pooled results, and moderators of tDCS effectiveness were examined.

resultsScreening 14 studies revealed that anodal tDCS applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) produced the most consistent improvements in emotion recognition, ToM, and social responsiveness. However, results varied, with some studies reporting improvements, while others showed no substantial effects. Dual-stimulation or cathodal stimulation yielded mixed outcomes. Evidence was limited by small sample sizes, risk of bias, and variability in stimulation parameters.

conclusionsAnodal tDCS over the left DLPFC shows promise for improving social cognition in ASD. Larger controlled trials are needed to determine the effectiveness of combining tDCS with social skills training.

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderCommunicationSocial CognitionTheory of MindTranscranial Direct Current StimulationAdolescentChildDorsolateral Prefrontal CortexHumansSocial BehaviorASDEmotion recognitionMeta-analysisSocial CognitionTDCSTheory of mind

Identifiers

PMID41555221
PMCPMC12998153

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.