Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41553320›Full record

ArticleJACC. Case reports2026

Extended Reality in Congenital Heart Disease: 4D Flow Visualization: A Case Series in Fontan Patients.

Esther B van Dijk, Friso M Rijnberg, Patrick J H de Koning, Jos J M Westenberg, Hildo J Lamb, Mark G Hazekamp, Monique C Haak, Beerend P Hierck, Arno A W Roest

Abstract readCase Reports
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in JACC. Case reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Esther B van DijkDivision of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: e.b.van_dijk@lumc.nl.
Friso M RijnbergDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Patrick J H de KoningDepartment of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Jos J M WestenbergDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Hildo J LambDepartment of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Mark G HazekampDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Monique C HaakDivision of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Beerend P HierckDepartment of Clinical Sciences-Anatomy and Physiology, Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Arno A W RoestDepartment of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundExtended reality (XR), a stereoscopic three-dimensional visualization technique (3DVT), enables 3D and four-dimensional (4D) cardiac visualization and can improve spatial understanding of anatomy and hemodynamics in congenital heart disease. CASES SUMMARY: Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging data from 2 Fontan patients was visualized using the HoloLens, an immersive and interactive 3DVT that allowed users to explore the 4D model and select various flow effects. Complex flow patterns-such as tornado-like coiling and helical flows-provided insights into abnormal hemodynamics. DISCUSSION: Monoscopic 3DVT may hinder accurate interpretation of 4D data, especially in users with lower visual-spatial abilities (VSA). XR supports these users by making 4D data more intuitive to interpret, enabling performance comparable to those with higher VSA and thereby enhancing clinical data interpretation and decision-making. TAKE-HOME MESSAGE: With interactive 3D/4D models, XR can facilitate a more intuitive and accurate interpretation of clinical data, allowing users with lower VSA to achieve performance levels comparable to those with higher VSA.

Indexed as

3D visualization technique4D flowcardiac magnetic resonancecongenital heart defectthree-dimensional imaging

Identifiers

PMID41553320
PMCPMC12948584

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.