Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41552814›Full record

ArticleJournal of central nervous system disease2026

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Adults With Encephalitis: A Retrospective Study.

Sienna Wu, Rodrigo Hasbun, Ralph Habis, Jordan Benderoth, Ivany Patel, Ashutosh Gupta, Megan Goyal, Arun Venkatesan, John C Probasco, Paris Bean and 3 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of central nervous system disease, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Sienna WuDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-7590
Rodrigo HasbunDepartment of Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Ralph HabisJohns Hopkins Encephalitis Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Jordan BenderothJohns Hopkins Encephalitis Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Ivany PatelDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Ashutosh GuptaDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Megan GoyalDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Arun VenkatesanJohns Hopkins Encephalitis Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
John C ProbascoJohns Hopkins Encephalitis Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Paris BeanDepartment of Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Ashley HeckDepartment of Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Laya RaoDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Rajesh K GuptaDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study aims to assess whether adult patients with encephalitis from different racial and ethnic backgrounds exhibit significant differences in clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, and outcomes. Design and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted by utilizing the electronic health records of encephalitis patients in the greater Houston and Baltimore areas. Patients were categorized by race/ethnicity into White or ethnic minority (including Black, Hispanic, and Asian patients). Data was analyzed for the presence of significant differences in clinical characteristics between the two groups. Results: Among 599 patients, 312 (52.1%) were White and 287 (47.9%) were of an ethnic minority. White patients were more often over sixty years-old upon presentation (43.1% vs 23.9%, Conclusion: Ethnic minority patients with encephalitis present at a younger age and are more likely to have co-existing HIV, severe initial organ dysfunction, CSF pleocytosis, abnormal EEG findings, and worse clinical outcomes. Abnormal MRI and GCS <13 are independent predictors of an unfavorable clinical outcome and may aid in risk stratification.

Indexed as

autoimmune encephalitisencephalitisinfectious encephalitisracial disparitiessocioeconomic disparities

Identifiers

PMID41552814
PMCPMC12811602

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.