ArticleACS omega2026
Circular Economy in Bricks: Resource, Water, and Energy Savings via Refinery Oily Sludge.
Article in ACS omega, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
Conventional clay brick manufacturing is highly resource-intensive, relying on virgin clay, large volumes of process water, and high fossil-fuel-driven firing temperatures (900-1200 °C), posing significant environmental pressures. This study introduces a methodological innovation by valorizing refinery oily sludge (ROS), a hazardous petroleum byproduct, to achieve simultaneous reductions in raw material, water, and energy consumption. Clay mixtures containing 0, 5, and 10 wt % ROS were extruded and fired at 950 and 1050 °C. The optimal 5 wt % ROS substitution reduced process water demand by 25% and firing energy consumption by over 30%, while nearly doubling brick production yield from 5.6 to 9.5 units/kg of clay. Minor color changes and efflorescence were observed, but the mechanical integrity remained unaffected. These findings demonstrate a scalable pathway for the ceramic industry to transform hazardous waste into a valuable resource, achieving integrated environmental and resource savings in line with circular economy and sustainability principles.
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Registered trials
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