Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41551893›Full record

ArticleSleep and biological rhythms2026

Non-constraining and non-contact monitoring of respiratory rate at awake and apnea and hypopnea during sleep using a millimeter wave radar.

Chin Kazuo, Okumura Shigeaki, Endo Daisuke, Nagata Kazuma, Ito Tatsuya, Murase Kimihiko, Sunadome Hironobu, Hoshi Mamiko, Hiranuma Hisato, Kozu Yutaka and 6 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Sleep and biological rhythms, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Chin KazuoDepartment of Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Care, Division of Sleep Medicine, Nihon University of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchi Kami-Cho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8610 Japan.
Okumura ShigeakiMaRI Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan.
Endo DaisukeShinjuku Sleep and Respiratory Clinic, KEISHINKINENKAI Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
Nagata KazumaDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
Ito TatsuyaShinjuku Sleep and Respiratory Clinic, KEISHINKINENKAI Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
Murase KimihikoDepartment of Advanced Medicine for Respiratory Failure, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Sunadome HironobuDepartment of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Hoshi MamikoDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.
Hiranuma HisatoDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.
Kozu YutakaDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.
Sato SusumuDepartment of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Hirai ToyohiroDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Gon YasuhiroDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.
Sakamoto TakuyaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Taki HirofumiMaRI Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan.
Akahoshi ToshikiShinjuku Sleep and Respiratory Clinic, KEISHINKINENKAI Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Respiratory rate (RR) is known to fluctuate due to psychological stress, while obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains highly prevalent. Conventional contact-based monitoring may disturb sleep, particularly in patients with insomnia. This study aimed to develop a non-constraining, non-contact respiratory monitoring system capable of measuring RR during wakefulness and detecting signs of OSA during sleep-two physiologically distinct states assessed at separate time points. A prospective observational study was conducted using a millimeter wave radar (MWR) device to evaluate its accuracy in monitoring respiratory rate. Participants suspected of having OSA were recruited prior to undergoing diagnostic polysomnography (PSG). RR measurements were obtained while the participants were awake in various postures (supine, sitting, and lateral), as well as during sleep. The device's non-contact nature allowed assessment without interfering with sleep quality. The index of apnea and hypopnea during 1 h of sleep (AHI) monitored by polysomnography (PSG) was compared with 1 h of respiratory event index (REI) judged by an MWR system. Portable monitoring (PM) and percutaneous arterial O Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41105-025-00612-w.

Indexed as

MonitoringNon-contactRadarRespiratory rateSleep apnea

Identifiers

PMID41551893
PMCPMC12804562

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.