ArticleContemporary drug problems2018
Drug Use during Pregnancy Policies in the United States from 1970-2016.
Article in Contemporary drug problems, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Punitive legal responses to prenatal drug use in the United States: A survey of state policies and systematic review of their public health impacts.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Pooled it
- Prenatal drug use criminalization and health system avoidance: Evidence from births in Alabama, South Carolina, and Tennessee, 1989-2019.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Prenatal Substance Exposure and Multilevel Predictors of Child Protection System Reporting.The Journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Maternal substance use during pregnancy and associated factors in Adama, central Ethiopia.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Article
- A multi-level explanatory-sequential mixed-methods study of perinatal toxicology practices in New York State: Protocol.PloS one · 2025Article
- Trends in U.S. State Alcohol and Other Drug Use During Pregnancy Policies from 2016 to 2020: Policymaking in the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act Era.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- Interactive effects between pregnancy-related alcohol policies and state spirits availability on infant and maternal outcomes.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2025Article
- Evaluating Bias and Racism in a Risk-Factor-Based Drug Testing Policy in the Labor and Delivery Department.O&G open · 2024Article
- Is legal recreational cannabis associated with cannabis use during pregnancy, beliefs about safety, and perceived community stigma?Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Pregnancy-specific alcohol policies and admissions to substance use disorder treatment for pregnant people in the USA.Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) · 2023Article
- Polysubstance Use in Pregnancy: Surveillance, Interventions, and Next Steps.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2023Review
- Association of Pregnancy-Specific Alcohol Policies With Infant Morbidities and Maltreatment.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Association of Mandatory Warning Signs for Cannabis Use During Pregnancy With Cannabis Use Beliefs and Behaviors.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Medical Professional Reports and Child Welfare System Infant Investigations: An Analysis of National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System Data.Health equity · 2023Article
- Relationship between mandatory warning signs for cannabis use during pregnancy policies and birth outcomes in the Western United States.Preventive medicine · 2022Article
- Impact of prenatal substance use policies on commercially insured pregnant females with opioid use disorder.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2022Article
- Prenatal substance use policies and newborn health.Health economics · 2022Article
- Motherhood, pregnancy and gateways to intervene in substance use disorder.Health & social care in the community · 2022Article
- Prenatal Substance Use Policies And Infant Maltreatment Reports.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2022Article
- Association between punitive policies and neonatal abstinence syndrome among Medicaid-insured infants in complex policy environments.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
As U.S. states legalize marijuana and as considerable governmental attention is paid to the "opioid crisis", state policies pertaining to drug use during pregnancy are increasingly important. Although recent research has examined state policies on alcohol use during pregnancy, little is known about the scope of state policies targeting drug use during pregnancy, how they have evolved, and how they compare to alcohol use during pregnancy policies. Method: Our 46-year (1970-2016) original dataset of statutes and regulations in U.S. states covers the entirety of state-level legislating in this policy domain. Data were obtained through original legal research and from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's Alcohol Policy Information System. Policies were analyzed individually as well as by classification as punitive toward or supportive of women. Results: The number of states with drug use during pregnancy policies has increased from one in 1974 to 43 in 2016. Policies started as punitive. By the mid-to-late 1980s, supportive policies emerged, and mixed policy environments dominated in the 2000s. Overall, drug/pregnancy policy environments have become less supportive over time. Comparisons of drug laws to alcohol laws shows that states started in opposite directions at the start of the era, with drug use during pregnancy policy beginning as punitive and alcohol policy beginning as supportive. But, by 2016, the results were the same: whether via punitive-only or mixed policy environments, punitive policies were more prevalent than supportive drug use during pregnancy policy environments across states. Moreover, there is a great deal of overlap between drug use during pregnancy policies and alcohol/pregnancy policies. Conclusion: This study breaks new ground and lays the foundation for a wealth of future research. Among those studies should be those that explore the effects of these policies on drug and alcohol use by pregnant women and on birth outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.