ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2025
The interpupillary distance differs between ethnicities and associates with horizontal strabismus patterns: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Updated by
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: The interpupillary distance is a measure of the width of the orbit and is important for spectacle design and proper head-mounted displays in virtual reality. Extreme interpupillary distances may predispose to horizontal strabismus. The interpupillary distance is thought to differ between ethnicities, but global data on this parameter have not been systematically explored, mapped and compared. Methodology: We performed a systematic review that compiled 242 studies reporting the interpupillary distance and mapped the data geographically. We then compared the regional distribution of the mean interpupillary distance with the distribution of horizontal strabismus patterns. The strabismus data, obtained from our previous systematic review of the literature, were used to map the relative frequency of esotropia and exotropia according to 301 population-based studies. The mean interpupillary distance and esotropia/exotropia ratio of major ethnicities were then analyzed by meta-regression analyses to determine an association between the two parameters. Results: Interpupillary distances are larger in Western Africa, South India, East Asia, in Latinos/Hispanics, in Native and African Americans, and they are smaller in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Northwestern India, and in Inuit populations. Regression analyses revealed an association between the interpupillary distance and the esotropia/exotropia ratio with R Conclusion: The mean interpupillary distance varies significantly between ethnicities. Orbital anatomical parameters contribute to diverse horizontal strabismus patterns. Our findings may aid in the design of appropriate spectacles and the optimal size of head-mounted displays, and help to better understand the pathogenesis of horizontal strabismus.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.