Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41551278›Full record

ArticleAdvanced functional materials2025

Mom and Baby Wellness with a Smart Lactation Pad: A Wearable Sensor-Embedded Lactation Pad for on-Body Quantification of Glucose in Breast Milk.

Abdulrahman Al-Shami, Haozheng Ma, Melissa Banks, Farbod Amirghasemi, Mona A Mohamed, Ali Soleimani, Sina Khazaee Nejad, Victor Ong, Alessandro Tasso, Alara Berkmen and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced functional materials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Materials and System Design for Self-Decision Bioelectronic Systems.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Abdulrahman Al-ShamiAlfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Haozheng MaAlfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Melissa BanksAlfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Farbod AmirghasemiAlfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Mona A MohamedAlfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Ali SoleimaniAlfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Sina Khazaee NejadAlfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Victor OngAlfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Alessandro TassoAlfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Alara BerkmenAlfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Maral P S MousaviAlfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.

Funding

Building a two-way communication system: Bio-orthogonal superhydrophobic nanoparticles for controlled stimulation and real-time sensing of neurotransmittersDP2GM150018 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI MOUSAVI, MARAL · 2022 to 2025
$2.3M
NIGMS NIH HHS DP2 GM150018
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Wearable sensors are transforming healthcare by facilitating rapid, non-invasive, on-body biochemical analysis in biofluids such as sweat, tears, saliva, and blood, providing real-time insights into health conditions. Despite extensive academic and industrial efforts in developing wearable devices, very few are tailored to meet women's health needs. None are specifically designed for measurements in human breast milk. Beyond being the optimal source of infant nutrition, milk serves as a rich biofluid containing potential biomarkers reflecting a mother's health as well. Analyzing the composition of milk offers valuable information for the health of the infant, and the mother. This work pioneers a wearable sensor embedded in a lactation pad for on-body sampling of breast milk and continuous analysis of glucose levels in breast milk. Lactation pads are worn by most lactating individuals to absorb milk leakage during the day, and keep the cloth dry. In this work, by integrating microfluidic channels and electrochemical sensors in the lactation pad, milk sampling and analysis becomes part of an existing daily routine for the mother, posing no additional burden for milk sampling and analysis. The electrochemical sensors are developed using laser-induced carbonization of polyimide thin films, allowing for development of flexible, low-cost, and high-surface area electrodes. Glucose sensing is done via an enzymatic membrane composed of glucose oxidase, glutaraldehyde, bovine serum albumin, and Nafion to achieve enhanced enzyme protection and extended biosensor shelf life and operation in milk. Notably, the wearable device demonstrates high accuracy (96.8 to 104.1%) in measurement of glucose in whole undiluted human milk, collected 1st, 6th, and 12th months postpartum. This innovative smart lactation pad empowers mothers to track their babies' glucose intake and potentially identify early signs of health concerns.

Indexed as

breast milkgestational diabetesglucose biosensorinfant wellnesslaser-induced graphenesmart lactation padwearable devices

Identifiers

PMID41551278
PMCPMC12806176

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.