ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Temporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and IgG subclasses following multiple doses and diverse COVID-19 vaccine combinations.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Vaccination-first immune priming shapes a sustained mRNA vaccine-induced IgG4 class switch that associates with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection risk.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comparison of Vaccine Platforms for Machupo Virus.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Extending ImmunoSpotVaccines · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Despite extensive research on COVID-19 vaccines, comparative data on the long-term humoral response across multiple vaccine platforms and heterologous regimens remain limited. SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate and cause infections globally, highlighting the need to monitor the durability of vaccine-induced immunity. To better understand how different COVID-19 vaccination strategies shape long-term humoral immunity, we conducted a longitudinal study of the vaccines used on the European continent. Methods: The present study investigated the humoral immune response in 331 participants between January 2021 and January 2023, who received mRNA (BNT162b2-BioNTech/Pfizer, mRNA-1273-Moderna), vector-based (ChAdOx1-S-AstraZeneca, Gam-COVID-Vac-Gamaleya Research Institute), inactivated virus (BBIBP-CorV-Sinopharm) vaccines, or a heterologous combination (ChAdOx1-S followed by mRNA), with all participants receiving an mRNA booster 6-8 months after primary vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 IgA, IgG, and IgG-subclasses were measured using ELISA, while neutralizing antibodies were assessed via a multiplex immunoassay, at four different time points: after the first and second dose, six months post-second dose and after the third dose. Results: After two doses, mRNA and ChAdOx1-S-mRNA vaccination induced the highest antibody levels and neutralization potential, followed by the ChAdOx1-S and Gam-COVID-Vac vaccines. The BBIBP-CorV group showed the lowest performance. Antibody levels declined in all participants six months post-vaccination. Booster vaccination (3 Conclusion: Altogether, these findings underscore the importance of booster doses and provide valuable insight into the longevity and quality of humoral responses, including the durability and breadth of neutralizing antibodies, across different vaccination strategies.
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