Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41550656›Full record

ArticlePharmaceutical science advances2025

Nasal powder formulation employing microenvironmental pH-modifier for rapid absorption of mirtazapine.

Kohei Yamada, Tsubasa Kihara, Kaori Shinsato, Hirofumi Yasui, Michihiro Shino, Hideyuki Sato, Satomi Onoue

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Pharmaceutical science advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Mirtazapine revisited: new therapeutic perspectives and formulation advances.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Kohei YamadaLaboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
Tsubasa KiharaLaboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
Kaori ShinsatoDivision of Psycho-Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan.
Hirofumi YasuiDivision of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan.
Michihiro ShinoDepartment of Pharmacy, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan.
Hideyuki SatoLaboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
Satomi OnoueLaboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Antidepressant mirtazapine (MRZ) has been drawing attention in the management of delirium. However, oral use of MRZ could have drawbacks in onset of actions and ease of administration by caregivers. This study was the first attempt to develop nasal powder formulation (NP), an easily-administered formulation, of MRZ containing a microenvironmental pH-modifier for rapid dissolution and absorption. Ten mixtures of MRZ and counterions were tested in terms of the supersaturation level and stability to select a favorable pH-modifier. NP of MRZ (NP/MRZ) with the selected counterion was prepared by jet milling and characterized regarding physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviors after intranasal administration to rabbits. In phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH5.6), glutamic acid (Glu) showed 10.7-fold supersaturation of MRZ, with the value being the highest among the ten counterions tested. The addition of Glu led to no significant change in the photostability or chemical stability of MRZ compared with crystalline MRZ. NP/MRZ with Glu (NP/MRZ-E) consisted of microcrystals of MRZ and Glu attached to lactose carriers, and over 93% of MRZ was emitted from a capsule in Jetlizer™. Both NP/MRZ-E and NP/MRZ exhibited enhanced dissolution in PBS compared with crystalline MRZ, and more rapid dissolution was observed for NP/MRZ-E. In rabbits, a crushed MRZ tablet (3 ​mg-MRZ/kg,

Indexed as

BioavailabilityDissolution enhancementMicroenvironmental pH-modificationMirtazapineNasal powder formulation

Identifiers

PMID41550656
PMCPMC12710060

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.