Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41549622›Full record

ArticleCPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology2026

Tutorial on Causal Mediation Analysis for Pharmacometricians.

Sebastiaan Camiel Goulooze, Eleonora Marostica, Nelleke Snelder

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Tutorial on Causal Mediation Analysis for Pharmacometricians.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Sebastiaan Camiel GouloozeLAP&P Consultants BV, Leiden, the Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3369-6107
Eleonora MarosticaLAP&P Consultants BV, Leiden, the Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1582-4234
Nelleke SnelderLAP&P Consultants BV, Leiden, the Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1302-678X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Mediation analyses can support biomarker development by quantifying the part of the total treatment effect on clinical outcome that is mediated by the biomarker. Given that pharmacometricians are often involved in the analysis of biomarker data with pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) models, mediation analysis can be a valuable addition to the pharmacometrics toolbox. The generalized nature of causal mediation analysis makes it particularly suited for use in pharmacometrics, where complex models with non-linearities or interaction effects are common. This tutorial covers the concepts of causal mediation analysis and how these might be applied within a pharmacometric context using a simulation-based workflow, including example code and datasets.

Indexed as

Mediation AnalysisModels, BiologicalBiomarkersComputer SimulationHumansPharmacokineticsBiomarkersbiomarker developmentcausal inferencecausal mediation analysismediation analysispharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modeling

Identifiers

PMID41549622
PMCPMC12823299

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.