Superheated steam extraction and RSM-based optimization of antioxidant activity in Citrus paradisi essential oil and evaluation of antimicrobial activity.

Rameen Waseem, Muhammad Adnan Ayub, Muhammad Talha Anjam, Amjad Hussain, Ali Bahadur, Safura Bibi

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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1 citing paper in PubMed.

Improved Antioxidant Properties ofFood science & nutrition · 2026
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Authors and funding

6 authors.

Rameen Waseem *Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan.

Muhammad Adnan Ayub *Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan. adnanayub@uosahiwal.edu.pk.

Muhammad Talha AnjamDepartment of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan.

Amjad HussainDepartment of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan.

Ali BahadurDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Mathematics, and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, 325060, China. abahadur@wku.edu.cn.

Safura BibiDepartment of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.

Funding

Higher Education Commision, Pakistan 20-15988/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2021Internal Faculty/Staff Research Support Programs IRSPC2024007International Collaborative Research Program ICRP2023008Student Partnering with Faculty/Staff Research Program WKUSPF202438

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the antioxidant activity of Citrus paradisi peel essential oil (CPEO) extracted by superheated steam extraction (SHSE). The process parameters temperature (140-160 °C), time (40-80 min), and flow rate (40-80 mL/min) were evaluated. The maximum antioxidant activities, including DPPH-FRSA (95.98%), FRAP (203.87 mg/100 g), and H₂O₂ scavenging (91.38%), were observed at optimum extraction conditions of 150 °C temperature, 60 min time, and 60 mL/min flow rate. Antimicrobial activity results showed that SHSE-extracted essential oil (EO) had better activity compared to hydro-distillation (HD) and steam-distillation (SD). GC-MS analysis revealed that d-limonene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, and trans-carveol were the main components, and their higher concentration in SHSE EOs enhanced their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The results indicated that SHSE is an environmentally friendly and effective technique for valorizing Citrus peel waste into high-value bioactive EO. In the future, CPEO may be explored for the development of cost-effective antimicrobial films and pharmaceutical formulations, requiring further compatibility and safety evaluations.

Indexed as

Anti-Infective AgentsAntioxidantsOils, VolatileCitrusGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryMicrobial Sensitivity TestsSteamAnti-Infective AgentsAntioxidantsOils, VolatileSteamAntimicrobial activityAntioxidant activityChemical compositionEssential oilOptimization

Identifiers

PMID41549111

DOI10.1038/s41598-026-35099-z

PMCPMC12886762

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.