Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41548869›Full record

Trial reportJournal of advanced research2026

Apple phenolic compounds enhance dental remineralization in human: a multifactorial in situ study.

Niklas Roeder, Antje Geiken, Vivian Schaarschmidt, Louisa Pannenbeckers, Stefan Dussling, Louise Holtmann, Julia Jensen-Kroll, Fynn Brix, Tim Hollstein, Tobias Demetrowitsch and 8 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of advanced research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Niklas RoederDivision of Food Technology, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Antje GeikenClinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Vivian SchaarschmidtClinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Louisa PannenbeckersClinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Stefan DusslingChair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Department of Beverage Research, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, Geisenheim 65366, Germany.
Louise HoltmannClinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Julia Jensen-KrollDivision of Food Technology, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Fynn BrixDivision of Food Technology, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Tim HollsteinInstitute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, University Medical Center Schleswig‑Holstein, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, Kiel 24105, Germany.
Tobias DemetrowitschDivision of Food Technology, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Helen GorgesZoological Institute Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Stanislav N GorbZoological Institute Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Frank WillChair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Department of Beverage Research, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, Geisenheim 65366, Germany.
Dominik M SchulteInstitute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, University Medical Center Schleswig‑Holstein, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, Kiel 24105, Germany.
Mario HaslerVariation Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Ralf SchweiggertChair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Department of Beverage Research, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, Geisenheim 65366, Germany.
Christof DörferClinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Karin SchwarzDivision of Food Technology, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: kschwarz-2@foodtech.uni-kiel.de.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionExcessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is a major contributor to dental caries and a global public health concern due to its negative effects on oral health. Phenolic compounds found in edible plants have shown promising effects on caries prevention. Several studies indicate that these bioactive substances can inhibit caries formation through various mechanisms. However, studies which consider the complex interplay of the various factors are missing. In particular, human studies on the caries reducing effects of phenolic compounds in the co-presence of fermentable sugars are lacking.

objectiveThis human intervention study investigated the effect of daily consumption of an apple juice-based drink enriched with phenolic compounds on caries development, compared to the exact same drink without phenolic compounds.

methods30 healthy male participants were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design. Caries development was measured using lesion depth in bovine tooth enamel samples installed in a removable dental appliance. A mixed model was used to analyze the data, including treatment effects, various oral parameters and interaction terms.

resultsThe analysis showed that consumption of the drink enriched with phenolic compounds resulted in a significant reduction in enamel lesion depth compared to the control, after adjustment for oral parameters and their interactions.

conclusionEnrichment of phenolic compounds could be a promising strategy to mitigate the cariogenic effects of fermentable sugars in beverages. Analyzing the complex interactions between the oral parameters and treatment we bridge the translational gap of in vitro studies and achieve physiological relevance.

Indexed as

Dental CariesMalusPhenolsTooth RemineralizationAdultAnimalsCattleCross-Over StudiesDental EnamelDouble-Blind MethodFruit and Vegetable JuicesHumansMaleYoung AdultPhenolsDecay missing filled teeth (DMFT)Dental cariesEnamel demineralizationFruit juiceIn situ modelSaliva flowrate

Identifiers

PMID41548869
PMCPMC13669607

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.