ArticleJournal of substance use and addiction treatment2026
Variability in medication treatment of opioid use disorder in primary care: Comparison of PROUD trial intervention clinics and other exemplar clinics.
Article in Journal of substance use and addiction treatment, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionPrimary care patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) may receive treatment in primary care clinics or co-located specialty addiction treatment practices. To help guide operational leaders in organizing OUD care delivery systems, we described rates of OUD medication treatment among primary care patients in PRimary care Opioid Use Disorders treatment (PROUD) trial intervention clinics and four primary care clinics not in the trial because they already had OUD treatment programs in place (exemplar clinics).
methodsPrimary care patients seen at six PROUD trial intervention clinics that implemented the Massachusetts model of office-based addiction treatment (PROUD clinics) and four exemplar clinics (two co-located specialty models; two primary care models with universal prescribing, in which all primary care providers were expected to treat OUD) were compared. Primary outcomes were person-years (PY) of medication treatment for OUD with buprenorphine or extended-release naltrexone during follow up (3/2018-2/2020) and changes from baseline (3/2016-2/2018).
resultsBaseline primary care samples included 109,196 patients in PROUD clinics and 101,631 patients in exemplar clinics. Baseline OUD treatment rates varied across exemplar clinics (range: 10.9 to 328.7 PY per 10,000 primary care patients) but were higher than in PROUD clinics at baseline (3.9 PY per 10,000), with exemplar clinics with primary care models (established 2005 and 2017) providing the highest treatment rates to their primary care patients. During follow-up, PROUD clinics nearly tripled treatment, to 14.4 PY per 10,000, whereas most exemplar clinics increased treatment by less than 10% but still had higher treatment rates (range: 12.0 to 359.4 PY per 10,000).
conclusionsPrimary care OUD treatment rates varied markedly. Exemplar clinics in which all primary care providers were expected to treat OUD had the highest treatment rates at baseline and follow-up, suggesting that universal prescribing is a promising approach to increasing OUD treatment in primary care.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.