Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41548209›Full record

ArticleVeterinary medicine and science2026

Evidence of High Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Among Poultry in Ghana From 2021 to 2022.

Stephen Ofori Nyarko, Ivy Asantewaa Asante, Gifty Mawuli Sarpong, Linda Boatemaa, Lorreta Kwasah, Yaw Awuku-Larbi, Vanessa Magnusen, Jennifer Wutsika, Samuel Ago, Esinam Aku Apefa Amenuvor and 19 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Veterinary medicine and science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

29 authors.

Stephen Ofori NyarkoDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Ivy Asantewaa AsanteDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4077-3190
Gifty Mawuli SarpongDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Linda BoatemaaDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Lorreta KwasahDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Yaw Awuku-LarbiDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Vanessa MagnusenDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Jennifer WutsikaDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Samuel AgoDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Esinam Aku Apefa AmenuvorDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Mildred Adusei-PokuDepartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0065-5926
Nana Afia Asante NtimDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Juliet WorduiDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Ama Nyansema Sekyi-YorkeDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Cecilia TakyiDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Joseph Asuam NyarkoDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9703-2903
Joseph A QuarcooDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Innocent DokuDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Roberta Aprillyn TackieDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Theophilus OdoomVeterinary Services Directorate, Accra, Ghana.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-7237
Fenteng DansoVeterinary Services Directorate, Accra, Ghana.
Edward Owusu NyarkoPublic Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
William AsieduPublic Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
Daniel L MinglePublic Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
Naiki AttramUS Naval Medical Research Unit # 3, Accra, Ghana.
Shirley Cameron-PaintsilUS Naval Medical Research Unit # 3, Accra, Ghana.
Sanders TerrelUS Naval Medical Research Unit # 3, Accra, Ghana.
Hugo MirandaUS Naval Medical Research Unit # 3, Accra, Ghana.
William Kwabena AmpofoDepartment of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.

Funding

Armed Forces Health Surveillance DivisionGlobal Emerging Infections Surveillance P0183_22_N3Global Emerging Infections Surveillance P0185_21_N3
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionDuring the 2021 COVID-19 pandemic, Ghana experienced outbreaks of high pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 among poultry.

objectivesHere, we describe the distribution and genetic characterisation of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV H5N1 isolated among poultry.

methodsWe conducted active surveillance for influenza viruses among animals (poultry and swine) and environmental samples across Ghana from 2021 to 2022. Tracheal/cloacal swabs were collected from poultry while nasal/anal swabs were collected from swine. Environmental samples (bird droppings, feathers, and water) were collected from Ramsar sites. We detected the presence of influenza viruses using specific primers and probes and reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions previously described by the US-CDC. We sequenced and detected viruses using Oxford Nanopore Technologies.

resultsA total of 2847 samples were collected: 2640 from birds, 207 from swine, and 186 from the environment. Out of 2847, 2.2% (63/2847) were positive for HPAIV H5N1. All the H5N1 viruses were detected in poultry populations and none in swine. Again, environmental samples tested negative for influenza. Greater Accra (35), Central (10), and Upper East (7) regions recorded the highest number of H5N1 infections. Phylogenetic analysis of H5N1 showed that these viruses belonged to the clade 2.3.4.4b, which is currently circulating worldwide. Genetic analysis of the HA revealed some mammalian adaptive motifs.

conclusionThese findings highlight the importance of continuous genomic surveillance for these zoonotic pathogens in-country and further analyses to determine their zoonotic potential. Early detection and local containment are critical for mitigating the threat posed by zoonotic influenza.

Indexed as

Influenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeInfluenza in BirdsPoultry DiseasesSwine DiseasesAnimalsGhanaPhylogenyPoultrySwineclade 2.3.4.4bGhanahigh pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1)

Identifiers

PMID41548209
PMCPMC12812314

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.