Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41547962›Full record

ArticleNPJ vaccines2026

Preclinical development of a cross-protective β-SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle vaccine adjuvanted with MF59.

Linda Earnest, Daniel Fernandez Ruiz, Melissa A Edeling, Julio Carrera Montoya, Ashley Huey Yiing Yap, Chinn Yi Wong, Lauren E Holz, Stephanie Gras, Simon Collett, James P Cooney and 18 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

28 authors.

Linda Earnest *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Daniel Fernandez Ruiz *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Melissa A Edeling *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Julio Carrera MontoyaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Ashley Huey Yiing YapDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Chinn Yi WongDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Lauren E HolzDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Stephanie GrasInfection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
Simon CollettDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
James P CooneyWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Kathryn C DavidsonWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Samantha L GrimleyDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Damian F J PurcellDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Jason RobertsVictorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Jamie MumfordVictorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Chee Wah TanProgramme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
Lin-Fa WangProgramme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
Dale I GodfreyDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Matthew FriemanCenter for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Dhiraj HansResearch, Innovation & Commercialisation, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Elizabeth VincanVictorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Danielle E AndersonDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Kanta SubbaraoDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Marc PellegriniWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Jason M MackenzieDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Steven RockmanDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
William R HeathDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Joseph TorresiDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. josepht@unimelb.edu.au.

Funding

National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) APP2013957NHMRC Ideas grant APP1181580NHMRC Investigator Grant 2008913NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship 1117766Singapore National Medical Research Council STPRG-FY19-001, COVID19RF-003 and OFLCG19-May-0034
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Whilst COVID vaccines proved to be effective in preventing severe COVID disease, they failed to control the emergence of variant viruses and antibody responses waned quickly. We report the findings of a recombinant β-SARS-CoV-2 variant virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine composed of the viral spike (S), membrane (M) and envelope (E) proteins produced in Vero cell factories. The β-SARS-CoV-2 VLP vaccine formulated with Addavax or MF59 produced strong antibody and CD4 + T cell responses and was protective in mice against pulmonary infection with Beta, Delta and Omicron BA.5 variant viruses. Multiplex RBD-ACE2 binding inhibition assay was performed as a surrogate virus neutralisation test and revealed immune sera from immunised mice produced low-titre broad-inhibitory anti-RBD-ACE2 antibodies (sNAb) to Alpha, Delta, Beta, Gamma, Mu, Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.5 and XBB1.5. However, microneutralisation assays did not show the presence of sNAb. The β-SARS-CoV-2 VLP is strongly immunogenic producing broad antibody and T cell responses and is protective against infection with SARS-CoV-2 variant viruses.

Identifiers

PMID41547962
PMCPMC12858910

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.