ArticleBMC oral health2026
Oral health status and access to oral healthcare among adult refugees in Egypt: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundRefugees oral health remains underexplored despite high disease prevalence. This study assessed oral health, access to care, and factors associated with dental caries and periodontal disease among refugees in Alexandria, Egypt.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at Caritas office from June-September 2024. Arabic-speaking refugees aged ≥18 years, residing in Alexandria for ≥6 months were included. Data were collected via a questionnaire and oral examination using Silness and Loe Plaque Index, Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, and Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Negative binomial regression identified factors associated with DMFT, and binary logistic regression identified factors for periodontal pockets.
resultsA total of 510 refugees participated (64.1% females, mean age 46.7 ± 14.2 years, 79.0% Sudanese). Mean DMFT was 9.25 ± 5.82 (DT = 5.01, MT = 3.34, FT = 1.02), and mean Plaque Index was 1.49 ± 0.68. Gingivitis was found in 64.51% and periodontal pockets in 12.16%. In multivariable analysis, increased caries prevalence was associated with age (PRR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03–2.34), education (illiterate vs. university educated, PRR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08–3.49; secondary vs. university educated, PRR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05–4.32), low income (PRR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.63), sugary snacks (PRR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.29–3.51), and Plaque Index (PRR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.20–3.53). Shorter residence (≤5 years) (PRR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.71–0.93) and access to oral healthcare (PRR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.56–0.98) were associated with lower DMFT count. Periodontal pockets were associated with male gender (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.34–5.17), older age (AOR = 4.48, 95% CI: 2.68–10.62), education (illiterate AOR = 5.15, 95% CI: 1.28–17.64; secondary AOR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.92–14.32), sugary snacks (AOR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.20–6.09), smoking (AOR = 3.18, 95% CI: 1.56–9.12), Plaque Index (AOR = 3.60, 95% CI: 1.92–8.30), and DMFT (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.09–6.98).
conclusionsRefugees had a high burden of oral disease, with significant sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors. Tailored oral health promotion programs are needed for this vulnerable group.
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