Investigating the Cellular and Tissue Response to Herbal Glucose/Cellulose-based Mesoporous Graphene Frameworks in a Rat Diabetic Wounds Model.

Diabetes mellitus represents a major global health concern, often leading to complications such as diabetic foot ulcers. Targeted therapies that leverage cellular-level mechanisms have the potential to significantly improve treatment outcomes for these ulcers, especially in severe cases such as diabetic black foot. In recent advancements, nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful tool in wound care. Aqueous Mesoporous graphene frameworks (MGFs) were developed for the first time using a graphitization and exfoliation process applied to glucosecontaining and cellulosic herbal sources. These MGFs were utilized as glucose- containing nanomaterials to promote healing in diabetic ulcers by modulating oxidative stress responses and enhancing glutathione activity in fibroblast and keratinocyte cells derived from rat models. The core processes facilitating wound repair were linked to lipid peroxidation and the release of cytochrome c, which in turn activated caspase pathways. These results underscore the promote healing candidateof MGFs in nanomedicine, particularly as next-generation formulations such as gels or powders designed for application in the diabetic and other types of chronic wounds.