SynthesisCancer causes & control : CCC2026
Early menarche and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 74 case-control studies.
Synthesis in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Description of Temporal Trends and Age-Period-Cohort Effects in the Association Between Age at Menarche and Adult Obesity Among Women in the United States.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
- Soy Intake During Childhood and/or Adolescence and Adult Breast Cancer: An Examination of the Early Soy Intake Hypothesis.Nutrients · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
purposeEarly menarche is a known risk factor for breast cancer, as established by the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer in a 2012 reanalysis of data from forty-seven global epidemiological studies. Given recent changes in the average age at menarche, it is important to re-evaluate this association in the context of the past decade. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the relationship between early menarche, particularly before age 13, and female breast cancer risk by analyzing recently published observational studies and exploring this relationship across different regions of the world.
methodsCase-control studies published between January 2014 and February 2025 were systematically searched in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Early menarche was defined as < 13 years. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using common-effect models when heterogeneity was low (I
resultsOverall, results of the present meta-analyses show an increased association between menarche age < 13 and the risk of female breast cancer (OR = 1.15 [95% CI: 1.08 - 1.24]). Also, an increased association with breast cancer risk was found in the subgroup of menarche age < 12 (OR = 1.27 [95% CI: 1.09 - 1.48]). Lower OR was found in subgroup of menarche age ≥ 13 (OR = 0.89 [95% CI: 0.85 - 0.94]). For the geographical region subgroups, increased associations between menarche age < 13 and risk of breast cancer were found in Europe (OR = 1.15 [95% CI: 1.07 - 1.25]), North America (OR = 1.07 [95% CI: 1.03 - 1.11]), Oceania (OR = 1.15 [95% CI: 1.02 - 1.30]), and West Asia (OR = 1.70 [95% CI: 1.15 - 2.52]). Both population-based and hospital-based study designs demonstrated higher ORs for the association between menarche age < 13 and the risk of female breast cancer.
conclusionsThis meta-analysis found a modest but statistically significant association between menarche before age 13 and increased breast cancer risk worldwide, while women who experienced menarche at age 13 or older had a lower risk. The association varied by region, with relatively higher odds observed in West Asia, Europe, Oceania, and North America. These results indicate an association rather than causation and are limited by the observational nature of the included studies.
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