Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41546082›Full record

ArticleFluids and barriers of the CNS2026

Impact of infusion conditions and anesthesia on CSF tracer dynamics in mouse brain.

Yuran Zhu, Junqing Zhu, Chenxin Ni, Anbang Chen, Longshun Li, Yue Gao, Andrew J Shoffstall, Xin Yu

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Yuran ZhuDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
Junqing ZhuDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
Chenxin NiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
Anbang ChenDepartment of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Longshun LiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
Yue GaoDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
Andrew J ShoffstallDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
Xin YuDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. xin.yu@case.edu.

Funding

AQP4 and glymphatic function in post-stroke recoveryR01NS124206 · NINDS · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI Christopher A Flask, Xin Yu · 2022 to 2026
$2.8M
AHA 23PRE1017924American Heart Association-American Stroke Association 23PRE1017924NIH HHS R01 NS124206NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS124206
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDynamic contrast-enhanced MRI has become an invaluable tool for mapping cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and delineating solute transport pathways in the brain. However, the influence of experimental parameters, including infusion location, infusion rate, and anesthetic regimen, on tracer transport kinetics and distribution patterns remains incompletely characterized, potentially confounding interpretation of results.

methodsWe investigated the impact of infusion parameters on tracer transport in mice using Gd-DTPA as a CSF tracer. The effect of infusion rate was assessed by administering Gd-DTPA into the cisterna magna (ICM) at two different rates under isoflurane anesthesia. The influence of anesthesia was evaluated by comparing tracer transport patterns under isoflurane versus ketamine/xylazine and low-dose isoflurane at the slower infusion rate. To examine the impact of infusion site, Gd-DTPA was also delivered into the lateral ventricle (ICV) for comparison with ICM delivery. Region-specific signal time courses were analyzed using cross-correlation and hierarchical clustering to characterize tracer transport pathways.

resultsTracer transport within the brain was significantly influenced by infusion location, rate, and anesthetic regimen. ICV infusion produced rapid, extensive transport into deep brain structures, while ICM infusion promoted transport toward ventral regions. Cross-correlation analysis revealed that ICM infusion primarily facilitated tracer transport along periarterial spaces, whereas ICV infusion favored transport across the ventricular-parenchymal interface. Hierarchical clustering of region-specific signal time courses further demonstrated distinct transport patterns associated with different infusion sites.

conclusionExperimental conditions substantially impact tracer transport kinetics and its spatial distribution in CSF dynamics studies. While infusion site determines primarily transport pathways, i.e., via periarterial spaces versus across ventricular-parenchymal interface, infusion rate and anesthesia modulate transport efficiency. These findings underscore the importance of methodological considerations in the design and interpretation of CSF tracer studies and emphasize the need for standardized protocols to facilitate meaningful comparisons across research groups.

Indexed as

AnesthesiaAnesthetics, InhalationBrainCerebrospinal FluidContrast MediaGadolinium DTPAIsofluraneAnimalsCisterna MagnaKetamineMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLXylazineAnesthetics, InhalationContrast MediaGadolinium DTPAIsofluraneKetamineXylazineAnesthesiaCerebrospinal fluidDynamic contrast-enhanced MRIGlymphatic systemIntracisternal infusionIntraventricular infusionVentricular-parenchymal interface

Identifiers

PMID41546082
PMCPMC12892818

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.