ArticleClinical oral investigations2026
Effect of cigarette smoke on surface roughness and bacterial adhesion of orthodontic aligners: an in vitro investigation.
Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Ageing effects on chemical, physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of clear aligners - a systematic review.Progress in orthodontics · 2026Pooled it
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study aims to evaluate the impact of cigarette smoke on Invisalign® aligners in surface roughness, bacterial adherence rates, pH changes and multispecies biofilm formation after exposure. MATERIALS AND
methodsSeventy-two flat samples of growth (G1), sterility (G2), saliva (G3), and smoke (G4) groups were exposed to artificial saliva, and G4 underwent 21 cycles of smoke. Linear roughness (Ra) and average depth (Rz) were assessed before and after saliva (G3.1) and smoke (G4.1) exposure. Independent and paired t-tests compared measurements over 5 days of evaluation [biofilm, microorganisms (CFU/mL), pH, and volumetric surface roughness (Sa)], measurements were taken before (T0) and after (T1) exposure to saliva and cigarette smoke.
resultsIncreased roughness post-exposure to cigarette smoke Ra (p = 0.003) and Rz (p = 0.014) in G4.1 at T1 (p = 0.046), and higher roughness over time (Ra: 0.139 ± 0.007; Rz: 0.741 ± 0.026), unlike G3.1 (Ra: 0.122 ± 0.002; Rz: 0.616 ± 0.021). G1 had the highest CFU (8.57 × 108), significantly higher than the G4.2 (5.33 × 108) and G3.2 (2 × 108). From 24 to 96 h, pH in G4.2 (5.75) and G1 (4.45) showed slight decreases, G2 (6.76) and G3.2 (6.35) increased. G1 had the highest Sa (48.97 ± 14.19), compared to G2 (4.27 ± 1.14), G3 (7.60 ± 4.28), and G4 (13.98 ± 8.18).
conclusionsCigarette smoke exposure elevated surface roughness and enhanced bacterial adherence on aligners. Clinical Relevance: Reinforce smoking cessation and strict oral hygiene protocols for aligner-wearing patients. In vivo studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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