Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41545584›Full record

ArticlePsychopharmacology2026

An examination of the interaction between the interoceptive and reinforcing properties of morphine: a self-administration study in male and female rats.

Allyson K Andrade, Briana Renda, Adiia P Stone, Michael Sharivker, Jessica M Karlovcec, Rita El Azali, Francesco Leri, Scott T Barrett, Jennifer E Murray

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Article in Psychopharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Allyson K AndradeDepartment of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
Briana RendaDepartment of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
Adiia P StoneDepartment of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-2091-1083
Michael SharivkerDepartment of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
Jessica M KarlovcecDepartment of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-4303-8311
Rita El AzaliDepartment of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-2169-7214
Francesco LeriDepartment of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2700-0812
Scott T BarrettDepartment of Psychology, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1400 R St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
Jennifer E MurrayDepartment of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. jmurr@uoguelph.ca.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-7317

Funding

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada RGPIN-2019-05147
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

rationaleInteroceptive sensations elicited by psychoactive substances can acquire incentive motivational properties via learned associations with other reinforcers. Moreover, interoceptive drug states have been linked to and can predict their own reinforcing action.

objectivesGiven these interactions between the interoceptive and reinforcing properties of drugs, the current study tested the hypothesis that the learned significance of an interoceptive drug stimulus can enhance its reinforcing action.

methodsTo investigate this, the interoceptive stimulus properties of morphine were trained as a positive or negative occasion setter that signaled the presence or absence of an appetitive (auditory stimulus-sucrose) association, respectively. Then, intravenous morphine self-administration was conducted to assess aspects of morphine reinforcement.

resultsWhen the interoceptive effects of morphine were learned to facilitate the activation of an appetitive Pavlovian association, it acquired reinforcing properties such that it promoted robust acquisition of lever discrimination, enhanced morphine-seeking under escalating response requirements, and maintained responding in the absence of reinforcement. Conversely, when the interoceptive properties of morphine were learned to facilitate the suppression of the appetitive association, it acquired inhibitory properties, such that it attenuated responding across extinction as well as during reinstatement assessment compared to controls.

conclusionsThus, through mechanisms of associative learning, in addition to resolving reward-predictive stimulus ambiguity, the interoceptive effects of morphine can acquire altered reinforcing properties. These findings highlight that the learned significance of a drug's interoceptive effects can alter its subsequent reinforcing efficacy, and that occasion setting serves as a mechanism of learning through which this can occur.

Indexed as

InteroceptionMorphineOccasion settingOpioidsPavlovian conditioningReinforcementSelf-administration

Identifiers

PMID41545584

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.