ArticleNature microbiology2026
A phage protein screen identifies triggers of the bacterial innate immune system.
Article in Nature microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- When phage restriction is not immunity: Immune gates, replication-niche barriers, and assay-limited phenotypes.Engineering microbiology · 2026Article
- How bacterial immune systems sense phage infection.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Revisiting the life cycle of temperate phages.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Phage therapy: from basic biology to clinical application.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Phage terminase recognition by the bacterial immune sensors Avs2 and Upx.Nature communications · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved sophisticated antiphage systems that halt phage replication upon detecting specific phage triggers. Identifying phage triggers is crucial to our understanding of immune signalling; however, they are challenging to predict. Here we used a plasmid library that expressed over 400 phage protein-coding genes from 6 phages to identify triggers of known and undiscovered antiphage systems. We transformed our library into 39 diverse strains of E. coli. Each strain natively harbours a different suite of antiphage systems whose activation typically inhibits growth. By tracking plasmids that were selectively depleted, we identified over 100 candidate phage trigger-E. coli pairs. Two phage proteins were further investigated, revealing that T7 gp17 and additional tail fibre proteins activated the undescribed antiphage system PD-T2-1 and identifying that λ gpE major capsid protein activated the antiphage system Avs8. These experiments provide a unique dataset for the continued definition of the molecular mechanisms underlying the bacterial immune system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.