ArticlePloS one2026
An immunofluorescence microscopy assay to discriminate distinct expression patterns of HIV-1 Gag and Nef proteins in HIV-1 provirus-harboring cells.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over 95% of HIV-1 proviruses are defective and were once considered clinically irrelevant. However, growing evidence shows that these defective proviruses can still be transcribed and translated into viral proteins. Here, we developed an improved immunofluorescence protocol that combines two anti-Nef antibodies with one anti-Gag antibody, along with membrane and nuclear staining, enabling direct visualization of protein expression and localization. This method allows detailed characterization of the expression patterns and subcellular distribution of Gag and Nef proteins derived from defective proviruses. The protocol provides a practical tool for investigating the potential functions of proteins expressed from defective HIV-1 proviruses and for facilitating the ability to determine the biologic activity of cells harboring defective HIV-1 proviruses in patients living with HIV.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.