Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41543973›Full record

ArticleJournal of Parkinson's disease2026

The road for developing new pharmacological therapies for Parkinson's disease: Current trends and targets in clinical trials.

Tiago Machado, Gonçalo S Duarte, Tiago F Outeiro, Joaquim J Ferreira

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of Parkinson's disease, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Tiago MachadoLaboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0001-8930-4382
Gonçalo S DuarteLaboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Tiago F OuteiroUniversity Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany.
Joaquim J FerreiraLaboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0003-3950-5113

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BackgroundDespite substantial research efforts, advances in Parkinson's disease therapeutics remain largely confined to the management of motor symptoms, with comparatively limited progress in addressing non-motor features, and with no proven success in disease-modifying therapies to date.ObjectivesTo describe recent trends in Parkinson's disease therapeutic trials and to characterize the experimental compounds and targets investigated in drug development programs.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of Parkinson's disease therapeutic clinical trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, EUCTR, and CTIS since 2013. For the subset of commercially sponsored medicinal product trials, we further described therapeutic objectives and pharmacological targets.ResultsWe identified 1855 trials, of which 29% were ongoing. Commercial trials predominantly investigated drugs and devices, whereas non-commercial trials more often focused on non-pharmacological interventions. Among 294 commercial medicinal product trials, 166 distinct products representing 146 active compounds were identified, mapped to 52 pharmacological targets, with additional compounds acting through multiple or unclear mechanisms. Dopaminergic approaches dominated (dopamine receptor agents, 18%; dopamine replacement, 15%), followed by aSyn-targeted strategies (10%). Advanced therapies, including cell and gene therapies, were investigated in 8%. Motor symptoms, particularly motor fluctuations, were the most frequent objectives (45%), whereas non-motor symptoms were rarely addressed (8%).ConclusionsThe landscape of Parkinson's disease trials has expanded over the past decade, but progress has largely been limited to incremental improvements in dopaminergic therapies. The continued lack of effective treatments for non-motor symptoms and disease modification suggests a need to rethink current approaches to drug development in Parkinson's disease.

Indexed as

Antiparkinson AgentsClinical Trials as TopicDrug DevelopmentParkinson DiseaseCross-Sectional StudiesHumansAntiparkinson Agentsclinical trialsdrug developmentParkinson's disease

Identifiers

PMID41543973
PMCPMC13435160

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.