Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41543796›Full record

ArticleResearch on child and adolescent psychopathology2026

Applying a Network Approach To Characterize Gender Differences in Conduct Problems and Callous-Unemotional Traits among Children from Two Countries.

María Álvarez-Voces, Natalie Goulter, Yael Paz, Beatriz Díaz-Vázquez, Laura López-Romero, Paula Villar, Amy L Byrd, Samuel W Hawes, Estrella Romero, Rebecca Waller

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

María Álvarez-VocesUnderisk Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Psychology (IPsiUS), Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Natalie GoulterCollege of Education, Psychology, & Social Work, Flinders Institute for Mental Health & Wellbeing, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Yael PazDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Beatriz Díaz-VázquezUnderisk Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Psychology (IPsiUS), Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Laura López-RomeroUnderisk Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Psychology (IPsiUS), Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Paula VillarUnderisk Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Psychology (IPsiUS), Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Amy L ByrdDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Samuel W HawesDepartment of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
Estrella RomeroUnderisk Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Psychology (IPsiUS), Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Rebecca WallerDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. rwaller@sas.upenn.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-5069-1183

Funding

Risky Parenting and Temperament Pathways To Callous-Unemotional Traits In Early ChildhoodR01MH125904 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI Nicholas J Wagner, Rebecca Waller · 2022 to 2026
$3.9M
Neural mechanisms of reactive aggression in adolescence: Altered reactivity during threat and reinforcement conditioningK01MH119216 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI BYRD, AMY L · 2019 to 2023
$845k
Leveraging Machine Learning Techniques to Elucidate Risk for Callous-Unemotional TraitsR21MH126162 · NIMH · BOSTON UNIVERSITY (CHARLES RIVER CAMPUS) · PI WAGNER, NICHOLAS J, WALLER, REBECCA · 2022 to 2023
$450k
EU NextGenerationEU RYC2021-032890-IEU NextGenerationEU TED2021-130824B-C22NIMH NIH HHS K01 MH119216NIMH NIH HHS K01MH119216NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH125904NIMH NIH HHS R01MH125904NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH126162NIMH NIH HHS R21MH126162
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., low empathy, restricted guilt, limited prosociality) are associated with severe conduct problems (CP) across development. However, there is heterogeneity in how CP and CU traits manifest at different ages, between boys and girls, in different countries, and different measures. The current study investigated this heterogeneity by applying network analysis to two large mixed-gender samples from the United States (US) and Spain assessed at different ages, with parent ratings of CP, conduct disorder (CD) symptoms, and CU traits. Data were from the ABCD baseline study (US, N = 11,874, age M = 9.48, SD = 0.51, 47.8% girls) and social development sub-study (US, N = 2,426, age M = 11.52, SD = 0.73, 47.4% girls), as well as two waves of the ELISA study (Spain, N = 1,342, age M = 10.24, SD = 1.07, 50.2% girls; N = 1,259, age M = 10.92, SD = 1.01, 50% girls). There were similar rates of CP risk across countries and genders, with the exception that boys younger than age 12 had higher CP risk rates than girls in US. Boys also had higher CU traits than girls in both countries. Network analysis revealed stronger connectivity between items assessing CU traits than CP symptoms, which was consistent across measures and countries. Disobedience and deceitfulness were central symptoms across all samples. Relational aggression was more central among girls, and property destruction and theft were more central in the US. Results highlight the need for personalized interventions that target specific symptoms of CP and CU traits, which can help reduce the burden of antisocial conduct across the lifespan.

Indexed as

Conduct DisorderEmotionsEmpathyAdolescentChildCross-Cultural ComparisonFemaleHumansMaleSex FactorsSpainUnited StatesCallous-unemotional traitsConduct problemsCross-culturalGender differencesNetwork analysis

Identifiers

PMID41543796
PMCPMC12811331

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.