ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2026
Impact of habitual seaweed consumption on iodine nutrition and thyroid function: a non-randomized pre-post clinical study.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeMacroalgae, also called seaweed, may serve as a dietary iodine source, although some species contain high iodine levels and may increase the risk of excessive intake. This non-randomized pre-post clinical trial aimed to assess iodine status, estimated iodine intake and thyroid function in habitual seaweed consumers (pre-intervention), and after a six-week cessation period of seaweed consumption (post-intervention).
methodsHabitual seaweed consumers (n = 49) were recruited by convenience sampling from the two largest cities in Norway. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), urinary creatinine, iodine intake and thyroid function were assessed pre- and post-intervention. The thyroid function was assessed biochemically by measuring TSH, fT3, fT4 and TPO antibodies in serum. Seaweed intake was assessed using a seaweed specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).
resultsThe median (p25-p75) UIC and estimated iodine intake was 270 (185–970) µg/L and 658 (330–1516) µg/ day at pre-intervention and decreased substantially to 87 (52–138) µg/L and 189 (142–264) µg/ day post-intervention. Median estimated iodine intake pre-intervention exceeded the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for iodine, whereas post-intervention the estimated iodine intake was substantially decreased to well below the UL. The median serum TSH decreased significantly after cessation of seaweed consumption (from pre- to post-intervention). The largest decrease in TSH was seen in participants with the highest estimated iodine intakes pre-intervention.
conclusionIngestion of seaweed with high iodine content could potentially pose a risk of exceeding the tolerable upper intake level for iodine. Cessation of seaweed resulted in a significant decrease in TSH in this study.
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