Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41542495›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026

RIG-I RNA agonist activates immunostimulatory macrophages to enhance checkpoint immunotherapy for glioblastoma.

Han Xu, Sungwoon Lee, Felipe Leser, Olga Fedorova, Peiwen Lu, Eric Song, Mehdi Touat, Anne Eichmann, Akiko Iwasaki, Anna Marie Pyle and 1 more

Abstract readPreprint
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Han XuDepartment of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Sungwoon LeeDepartment of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Felipe LeserCardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Olga FedorovaDepartment of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Peiwen LuDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Eric SongDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Mehdi TouatSorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Service de Neuro-oncologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
Anne EichmannCardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Akiko IwasakiDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Anna Marie PyleDepartment of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Jean-Leon ThomasDepartment of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Funding

RIG-I Activating Nanoparticles for ImmunopotentiationR01EB033822 · NIBIB · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY · PI Anna Marie Pyle, John Tanner Wilson · 2022 to 2026
$2.4M
Role of meningeal lymphatic vasculature in neuroimmune communication developmentR01NS130057 · NINDS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI Anne Christine Eichmann, AKIKO IWASAKI · 2023 to 2026
$2.1M
NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB033822NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS130057
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor, remains refractory to all current therapies including surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Immunosuppressive mechanisms in the GBM tumor microenvironment contribute to the lack of anti-tumor adaptive immunity. We found that a subset of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) can be repolarized into an anti-tumor phenotype via agonist stimulation of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (

Indexed as

glioblastomapattern recognition receptorRIG-ISLR14stem-loop RNAtumor-associated macrophages

Identifiers

PMID41542495
PMCPMC12803071

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.