Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41542383›Full record

ArticleEcology and evolution2026

Smart Ungulates: What Sheep and Goats' Performances in a Reversed-Reward Contingency Task Tell Us About the Evolution of Cognitive Flexibility.

Laurie Castro, Raymond Nowak, Valérie Dufour

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Ecology and evolution, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Laurie CastroLaboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), CNRS Université Clermont-Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4223-3325
Raymond NowakPhysiologie de la Reproduction et Des Comportements (PRC), CNRS, IFCE, INRAE Université de Tours Nouzilly France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8525-5293
Valérie DufourLaboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), CNRS Université Clermont-Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1766-9598

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control are core executive functions that enable animals to adapt their behaviour to variable environments. Although these abilities are extensively studied in primates, and despite a growing interest in ungulate cognition, research specifically targeting executive functions in ungulates remains limited. In this study, we compare the performance of domestic goats (

Indexed as

cognitive flexibilityexecutive functionsinhibitory controlreversed‐reward contingency taskungulates

Identifiers

PMID41542383
PMCPMC12803774

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.