ArticleKidney international reports2026
A Pooled Analysis of Sex Differences in Lupus Nephritis.
Article in Kidney international reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tailoring KDIGO guidelines for lupus nephritis to the real world: a stratified and cost-aware approach.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Review
- Kidney Biopsy and Prognosis in Lupus Nephritis: Histological Predictors of Renal Outcome-A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Diagnostic Latency and Unmeasured Disease Severity in Male Lupus Nephritis.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- Response to the Letter to the Editor Entitled "Diagnostic Latency and Unmeasured Disease Severity In Male Lupus Nephritis".Kidney international reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Introduction: Lupus nephritis (LN) has been reported to be more severe and have worse outcomes in males than females. To determine if sex differences exist in disease severity at diagnosis or relapse, first treatment choice, response to initial treatment, and key kidney and patient outcomes, we performed a pooled analysis of data from 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 7 cohort studies of LN. Methods: The study population included an international representation of 831 females and 122 males with LN with a median follow-up of 41.4 months. Baseline characteristics and outcomes (complete renal response [CRR], doubling of creatinine (Cr), dialysis, death, LN relapse, or composite outcomes) were compared between sexes using the entire data set. Cohort data were used to analyze treatment choice. Mixed model regression with studies as the random effects, controlled for age and race, was used to assess the effect size of sex on key clinical variables. Logistic regressions controlling for treatments and relevant baseline characteristics were used to evaluate outcomes. Results: We found no significant sex differences in age, race, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or LN duration, C3, anti-double-stranded DNA, LN class distribution, or SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), although males had lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Therapy choice, CRR, kidney, or patient outcomes were similar between sexes. Limitations to our study include the absence of detailed description of kidney histopathology, and incomplete outcomes data. Conclusion: Apart from lower baseline eGFR, males and females with LN exhibit similar disease severity, treatment responses, kidney outcomes, and relapse-free survival in this large international analysis.
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Registered trials
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